[427] These early peoples lacked a writing system, and made works on perishable materials, so few records of them exist from this time. [436] The most popular sport among Australian women is netball, while Australian rules football garners the highest spectatorship numbers and television ratings. [59], Islands at the geographic extremes of Oceania are generally considered to be the Bonin Islands, a politically integral part of Japan; Hawaii, a state of the United States; Clipperton Island, a possession of France; the Juan Fernndez Islands, belonging to Chile; and Macquarie Island, belonging to Australia. In 2006 Australia left the Oceania Football Confederation (OFC) for the Asian Football Confederation (AFC), and their men's team the Socceroos have qualified for every subsequent FIFA World Cup as an Asian entrant. [126] The book defined Oceania's major subregions as being Australia, Indonesia (which included all areas associated with the Malay archipelago), Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia. Australia and New Guinea have importantmining deposits that allowheavy industryandmetals, while New Zealand takes advantage of its lakes for the generation of hydroelectric power, thus promoting its industrialization. Sources: Ethnologue, ISO Country Names (ISO 3166-1), ISO Languages Names (ISO 639-1), CIA World Factbook and others. These islands lie on the Antarctic Plate and are also thought of as being in Antarctica or no region at all, due to their extreme geographical isolation. [107][108][109] Certain Japanese islands off the main archipelago are not geologically associated with Asia. [175][176] The UN further define the subregion as including Australia's Indian Ocean external territory Heard Island and McDonald Islands. Wallis and Futuna Islands would have the lowest population growth rate of -1.35%, which is also the lowest in the world. ( January 1 2023). The Oceania is the continent least populated in the world, with a population density of 5hab./km. Judaism, Sikhism and Jainism are also present. Much of the basement rock of New Zealand was once part of the super-continent of Gondwana, along with South America, Africa, Madagascar, India, Antarctica and Australia. New #sharkscience by @FloriaanDD and authors conduct the first #global assessment of population structure of the #bullshark To learn more-> 28 Feb 2023 04:01:34 Oceania is a geographical area that comprises of Australia- the smallest continent in terms of the total land area and also comprises of thousands of islands across the central and south Pacific Ocean. This list follows the boundaries of geopolitical Oceania, which includes Australasia, Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia. Coconuts, ginger, and copra are also significant. [399][400] The Australian Museum in Sydney and the National Gallery of Victoria in Melbourne are the oldest and largest museums in Oceania. Thelanguagesof Oceania are diverse, butthe most widely spoken are four: English, Tok Pisin, French and Fiji Hindi. The other main Melanesian groups from north to south are the Bismarck Archipelago, the Solomon Islands, the Santa Cruz Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji and New Caledonia. [292] The Big Bog on the island of Maui is the wettest place, receiving an average 10,271mm (404.4in) each year.[293]. [130][131][132] He did not include the volcanic Kuril Islands and Ryukyu Islands, which similarly border both the Eurasian Plate and the Pacific Plate,[133][134] nor did he include the neighboring Kodiak archipelago in the North Pacific Ocean, which is firmly situated on the North American Plate. The term, in its widest sense, embraces the entire insular region between Asia and the Americas. iii. Humid continental (warm) 5. [339], Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) studies quantify the magnitude of the Austronesian expansion and demonstrate the homogenising effect of this expansion. This is a list of the populations of the sovereign states and dependent territories in the geopolitical region of Oceania. In 2011, Hawaii saw increasing arrivals and share of foreign tourists from Canada, Australia, and China increasing 13%, 24% and 21% respectively from 2010. I. "Australia". Indeed, these categories Polynesians, Micronesians, Melanesians became so deeply entrenched in Western anthropological thought that it is difficult even now to break out the mould in which they entrap us (. It covers an area of about 3,291,903 sq.mi and accommodates a population of 40 million. In a 1947 article on the formation of the South Pacific Commission for the Pacific Affairs journal, author Roy E. James stated the organization's scope encompassed all non-self governing islands below the equator to the east of Papua New Guinea (which itself was included in the scope and then known as Dutch New Guinea). In all of Oceania, only the former British colonies of Australia and New Zealand have Westerndemocratic governments, although Samoa, Vanuatu, and Tonga also exhibit stable republics. Afghanistan , Albania , Algeria , American Samoa , Andorra , Angola , Anguilla , Antigua and Barbuda , Argentina , Armenia , Aruba , Australia , Austria , Az. Ben Finney, The Other One-Third of the Globe. "[102] In 1948, American military journal Armed Forces Talk broke the islands of the Pacific up into five major subdivisions; Indonesia, Melanesia, Micronesia, Polynesia and the non-tropical Islands. [230][231], Micronesia, which lies north of the equator and west of the International Date Line, includes the Mariana Islands in the northwest, the Caroline Islands in the center, the Marshall Islands to the west and the islands of Kiribati in the southeast. This is an increase of 1.56 % (683,190 people) compared to population of 43,733,573 the year before. [15], The arrival of European settlers in subsequent centuries resulted in a significant alteration in the social and political landscape of Oceania. [67] The original UN definition of Oceania from 1947 included these same countries and semi-independent territories, which were mostly still colonies at that point. [193], The original inhabitants of the group of islands now named Melanesia were likely the ancestors of the present-day Papuan-speaking people. It is here that James Cook made first contact with an aboriginal tribe known as the Gweagal. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Further excluded are East Timor and Indonesian New Guinea/Western New Guinea, areas which are biogeographically or geologically associated with the Australian landmass. "[142] The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Place Names (2017), by John Everett-Heath, states that Oceania is "a collective name for more than 10,000 islands in the Pacific Ocean" and that "it is generally accepted that Indonesia, Japan, the Philippines, Taiwan, and the islands north of Japan (the Kurils and Aleutians) are excluded. A second island type formed of coral is the uplifted coral platform, which is usually slightly larger than the low coral islands. [204][205], Easter Islanders claimed that a chief Hotu Matua[206] discovered the island in one or two large canoes with his wife and extended family. Oceania has a diverse mix of economies from the highly developed and globally competitive financial markets of Australia, French Polynesia, Hawaii, New Caledonia, and New Zealand, which rank high in quality of life and Human Development Index,[8][9] to the much less developed economies of Kiribati, Papua New Guinea, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, and Western New Guinea,[10] while also including medium-sized economies of Pacific islands such as Fiji, Palau, and Tonga. Chapter 15 - The Americas and Oceania, 1000 to 1500 Outline. Around 1200, Tahitian explorers discovered and began settling the area. [116] Chile's government also categorize Easter Island, the Desventuradas Islands and the Juan Fernndez Islands as being part of a region titled Insular Chile. "[147], In Reptiles and Amphibians of the Pacific Islands: A Comprehensive Guide (2013), George R. Zug claimed that "a standard definition of Oceania includes Australia, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, New Caledonia, and New Zealand and the oceanic islands of Polynesia, Micronesia, and Melanesia." The campaign to take Samoa ended without bloodshed after over 1,000 New Zealanders landed on the German colony. It includes Australasia, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. [245] Hawaii's tallest mountain Mauna Kea is 4,205m (13,796ft) above mean sea level. [368] In 2015, there were 7.4 million visitor arrivals. From the late 1970s, there was a significant increase in immigration from Asian and other non-European countries, making Australia a multicultural country. The linked map below shows the exclusive economic zones (EEZs) of the islands of Oceania and neighbouring areas, as a guide to the following table (there are few land boundaries that can be drawn on a map of the Pacific at this scale). The current inhabitants are mostly European Australians, and the UN categorize it as being in the Australasia subregion. On 15 November 2022, the world's population reached 8 billion people, a milestone in human development. [409] The Hawaiian religion is polytheistic and animistic, with a belief in many deities and spirits, including the belief that spirits are found in non-human beings and objects such as animals, the waves, and the sky. Oceania was first explored by Europeans from the 16th century onwards. Hawaii became a U.S. state in 1959. Santa Cruz, a population located in Remote Oceania, is an anomaly with extreme frequencies of autochthonous haplogroups of Near Oceanian origin. Geographic coordinates. It is calculated as the average number of children an average woman will have during her reproductive period (15 to 49 years old) based on the current fertility rates of every age group in the countries within Oceania, and assuming she is not subject to mortality. [367], Tourism in Australia is an important component of the Australian economy. List of cities in Oceania by population City Country Urban area Sydney Australia 4,914,343 Melbourne Australia 4,893,870 Brisbane Australia 2,430,180. Tyler additionally profiled the Anson archipelago, which during the 19th century was a designation for a widely scattered group of purported islands in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean between Japan and Hawaii. Germany established colonies in New Guinea in 1884, and Samoa in 1900. Pain, C.F., Villans, B.J., Roach, I.C., Worrall, L. & Wilford, J.R. (2012): Old, flat and red Australia's distinctive landscape. In this book the other two continents were categorized as being the New World (consisting of the Americas) and the Old World (consisting of Afro-Eurasia). [187] Although they likely migrated to Australia through Southeast Asia they are not demonstrably related to any known Asian or Polynesian population. [121] The 2007 book Asia in the Pacific Islands: Replacing the West, by New Zealand Pacific scholar Ron Crocombe, defined the term "Pacific Islands" as being islands in the South Pacific Commission, and stated that such a definition "does not include Galpagos and other [oceanic] islands off the Pacific coast of the Americas; these were uninhabited when Europeans arrived, then integrated with a South American country and have almost no contact with other Pacific Islands." Density (P/Km): (Population Density) Population per square Kilometer (Km). "[66] The Juan Fernndez Islands and the neighboring Desventuradas Islands are today seen as the easternmost extension of the Indo-West Pacific biogeographic region. On his first voyage in the 18th century, James Cook, who later arrived at the highly developed Hawaiian Islands, went to Tahiti and followed the east coast of Australia for the first time. This, with a great number of small islands in the neighbourhood, is regarded as forming a fourth continent known as Oceania.[35] Other studies from the early twentieth Century also described Oceania as a continent. It is thought that by roughly 1400 BCE,[203] "Lapita Peoples", so-named after their pottery tradition, appeared in the Bismarck Archipelago of north-west Melanesia. At c. 1200 CE, the people of Pohnpei, a Micronesian island, would embark on another megalithic construction, building Nan Madol, a city of artificial islands and a system of canals. Population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship--except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum, who are generally considered part . The countries and territories in this table are categorised according to the scheme for geographic subregions used by the United Nations. [66][113] Brown also categorized Japan and Taiwan as being in the same part of the world as the islands of Oceania, and excluded them from The Countries of the World: Volume 5, which covered mainland Asia and Hong Kong. According to the Act of Papua Autonomy (Undang-Undang Otonomi Khusus bagi Provinsi Papua) section 2 verse 2, the province itself has its own flag and arms, similar to other provinces. [267], Native to Hawaii is the Hawaiian crow, which has been extinct in the wild since 2002. [289], The highest recorded temperature in Oceania occurred in Oodnadatta, South Australia (2 January 1960), where the temperature reached 50.7C (123.3F). Spanning the Eastern and Western Hemispheres, Oceania is estimated to have a land area of 8,525,989 square kilometres . [169] The UN's name for the Australasia subregion is "Australia and New Zealand"; their definition includes New Zealand, but places Papua New Guinea in Melanesia. [67] This is due to their location in the center of the Pacific, their biogeography and their oceanic geology. What is the population of USA? By that time, the UN projects, fast global population growth will come to an end. [331][332] Auckland is home to over half (51.6 percent) of New Zealand's overseas born population, including 72 percent of the country's Pacific Island-born population, 64 percent of its Asian-born population, and 56 percent of its Middle Eastern and African born population. Oceania is a region of migrants: there were an estimated 9.1 million migrants amongst the region's 41.8 million people as of mid-year 2020 ( UN DESA, 2020 ). Approximately 3.5 thousand years ago, a second expansion of Austronesian speakers arrived in Near Oceania, and the descendants of these people spread to the far corners of the Pacific, colonising Remote Oceania. [163][164] As with Australia and New Zealand, Melanesia's New Caledonia has a significant non-indigenous European population, numbering around 71,000. . Oceania then, in its most restricted meaning, includes more than 10,000 islands, with a total land area (excluding Australia, but including Papua New Guinea and New Zealand) of approximately 317,700 square miles (822,800 square km). [81], Alfred Russel Wallace believed in 1879 that Oceania extended to the Aleutian Islands, which are among the northernmost islands of the Pacific. The Gilbert Islands (now known as Kiribati) and the Ellice Islands (now known as Tuvalu) came under Britain's sphere of influence in the late 19th century. [56][57] The Pacific Plate covers the Solomon Islands and parts of New Zealand, as well as Micronesia (excluding the westernmost islands near the Philippine Sea Plate) and Polynesia (excluding Easter Island). [104] The Pacific Islands Handbook (1945), by Robert William Robson, stated that, "Pacific Islands generally are regarded as Pacific islands lying within the tropics. The states of Hong Kong and Malaysia, located in both mainland Asia and marginal seas of the Pacific, are also excluded, as is the nation of Brunei, which shares the island of Borneo with Indonesia and Malaysia. 100 million. "[45] Australia is a founding member of the Pacific Islands Forum in 1971, and at times has been interpreted as the largest Pacific island. [348][349] Melbourne also ranked highly in the world's most liveable city list,[350] and is a leading financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region.[351][352]. [456] The OFC was dominated by Australia for many years, and became known for one-sided results. Fiji and Tonga became independent in 1970. [213], On 23 April 1770, British explorer James Cook made his first recorded direct observation of Aboriginal Australians at Brush Island near Bawley Point. [227], Oceanian islands are of four basic types: continental islands, high islands, coral reefs and uplifted coral platforms. The fa'a Samoa, or traditional Samoan way, remains a strong force in Samoan life and politics. Australia and New Zealand have diversifiedeconomies, with a strong presence in the area of services and the primary sector (production), since between the two countries they account for 40% of the worlds sheep. Other religions in the region include Islam, Buddhism and Hinduism, which are prominent minority religions in Australia and New Zealand. Related to these concepts are Near Oceania, that part of western Island Melanesia which has been inhabited for tens of millennia, and Remote Oceania which is more recently settled. [242], The geology of New Zealand is noted for its volcanic activity, earthquakes, and geothermal areas because of its position on the boundary of the Australian Plate and Pacific Plates. "[49] Others have labelled it as the "liquid continent". . The term, in its widest sense, embraces the entire insular region between Asia and the Americas. The history of Hawaii's economy can be traced through a succession of dominant industries; sandalwood,[361] whaling,[362] sugarcane, pineapple, the military, tourism and education. [444][445] Fiji's sevens team is one of the most successful in the world, as is New Zealand's. List of continents by gdp per capita. "[144] It has been theorized that the indigenous Jmon people of the Japanese archipelago are related to Austronesians, along with the indigenous inhabitants of the Ryukyu Islands. Piramide della popolazione: Oceania - 1986. Omissions? James, R.E., 1947. Which includes the present-day countries of Brunei, East Timor, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Singapore. Tonga. Oceania: Population, Characteristics, Economy And Religions. The overwhelming majority of people living in the Pacific islands work in the service industry which includes tourism, education and financial services. [397] Other cultural influences come from neighbouring Asian countries, and through large-scale immigration from non-English-speaking nations. Oceania Population. ", Field listing GDP (official exchange rate), "How Fitch, Moody's and S&P rate each country's credit rating", "Statement on Monetary Policy (November 2013)", "2014 Quality of Living Worldwide City Rankings Mercer Survey", "Happy birthday Melbourne: 181 and still kicking! [385] The New Zealand Parliament holds legislative power and consists of the King and the House of Representatives. [68] The UN categorizes Oceania, and by extension the Pacific area, as one of the major continental divisions of the world, along with Africa, Asia, Europe and the Americas. Volcanic islands which are geologically associated with continental landmasses, such as the Aleutian Islands, Japan's Izu Islands, the Kuril Islands, the Ryukyu Islands and most of the Solomon Islands, were also excluded from his definition. ", further noting that, "a few other islands in the Pacific such as those of Japan or the Channel Islands off the southern California coast are not typically considered Oceania as the indigenous populations of these places do not share a common ancestry with Oceanic groups, except for a time far before humans sailed Pacific waters. [457] These included a 310 defeat of American Samoa by Australia in 2001, which remains the biggest international victory in the history of the sport. In Whitely, David S.. See Also: Oceanian countries by Population Population of Asia Population of Africa [287], Hawaii, although being in the tropics, experiences many different climates, depending on latitude and its geography. In 2019, Australia saw 8.7 million foreign visitors. Some were used in magic, others to increase animal populations for hunting, while some were simply for amusement. For Australia and New Zealand, 85% of the population lives in urban areas, while on the islands most people live in rural areas. [48] National Geographic states that the term Oceania "establishes the Pacific Ocean as the defining characteristic of the continent. In the politics of Papua New Guinea the Prime Minister is the head of government, and the head of state is the monarch of the United Kingdom, represented by a Governor-General. PopulationPyramid.net Piramide della Popolazione Mondiale dal 1950 al 2100. High islands are of volcanic origin, and many contain active volcanoes. The main continental landmass of Oceania is Australia.[1]. Most islands in the Pacific are high islands (volcanic islands), such as, Easter Island, American Samoa and Fiji, among others, having peaks up to 1300 m rising abruptly from the shore. The most multicultural areas in Oceania, which have a high degree of immigration, are Australia, New Zealand, and Hawaii. "[106] The Japanese archipelago, the Malay archipelago and Taiwan and other islands near China are often deemed as a geological extension of Asia, since they do not have oceanic geology, instead being detached fragments of the Eurasian continent that were once physiologically connected. [124] While not oceanic in nature, Taiwan and Malay archipelago countries like Indonesia and the Philippines share Austronesian ethnolinguistic origins with Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia, hence their inclusion in the book. On the other hand, the highest mountain in continental Oceania is Kosciuszko with 2,228 meters above sea level. A negative number means that there are more emigrants than immigrants. Disagreements between the US, Germany and UK over Samoa led to the Tripartite Convention of 1899. "[100] Ross further wrote, "and to this vast region the term Oceania has been applied. [67] The UN's definition of this subregion also includes Australia's Indian Ocean external territories of Christmas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands. [311] Traditional religions are often animist, and prevalent among traditional tribes is the belief in spirits (masalai in Tok Pisin) representing natural forces. Find the Countries of Europe - No Outlines Minefield. [78] In 1887, the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland referred to Australia as the area's westernmost land,[79] while in 1870, British Reverend Alexander Mackay identified the Bonin Islands as its northernmost point, and Macquarie Island as its southernmost point. "[91] It added there was controversy over the exact limits of Oceania, saying that, "scarcely any two geographers appear to be quite agreed upon the subject". The term Oceania is usually used to denote the region . 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