Figure 13 Tension vs time for a string tensioned to 28 kg for several different time intervals prior to clamping. For instance, some games are usually held during the summer, and others are held during the winter. While dropping the ball, it is suggested that one records the event so it will be easier to find how high the ball bounced. This scientific mystery can be demonstrated at home or school with a simple experiment. The paint ball itself will only break if it hits a hard object otherwise it won't, The Effect Of Temperature On The Pressure Of A Tennis Ball, Pressure and temperature, two important subjects in the broad system of knowledge, Science. As an experiment, you can try to heat a tennis ball and see how well it will bounce. When you have heated the balls, you will have provided them more energy to move about, and as such, they will be able to bounce to higher heights when they are dropped to the ground. (Harriman, 2012)When the temperature increases, the gas molecules expand and as they expand, the energy of them increases, causing them to bounce more tempestuously. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); can u pls also mention the results u get by doing the experiment? From the things they can controllike diet, rest, and conditioning, to the things that are relatively less predictablelike weather conditions and temperature, good players are continually considering all eventualities. This is not the expected result. On the other hand, a temperature decrease causes the gas molecules to contract and move around more sluggishly. 3.Oven was preheated to 100oC. co2 is carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide is an expanding gas. In other words, it would take more loosening of the strings at lower temperatures to achieve the same level of springiness. The ball will depress and rebound off the strings less efficiently in cold weather; therefore, it takes the strings being looser to achieve the same level of elasticity that would typically be possible at warmer temperatures. String materials vary in terms of their durability, given extreme weather conditions. Table 1 shows the percentage spread from 0-40 C, from 0-20 C, and from 20-40 C. Because strings 8-15 did not have any data at 0 C, "NA" appears in those cells. I thank Dr. Choi for teaching me how to do this assignment and my parents for buying tennis balls for me. Results for Setup #2 ‐ Elongation, Tension and Stiffness vs Temperature. I should also research to determine who should not use a stability ball. Findings from University of Sydney Tennis Warehouse Study (2016), weather and environment can influence not only the way tennis strings. Create a graph or a table showing how high the balls bounce in different temperatures. As such, tension loss is just a partial and often misleading participant in determining string stiffness the most important parameter in string performance. Analysis of the data will either conclude that the common practices of opening a new can balls often is necessary to keep a consistent bounce height, or show that it is unnecessary and balls out of cans previously opened bounce with the same height as newly opened cans. Tennis balls are typically air-conditioned and have internal air pressure that influences their bounce. Natural gut string is generally more responsive to changes in temperature. The green represents the felt on the ball, and the black represents the hollow core. Place the thermometer on the ball. Once ready, remove the balls individually and drop them from an elevated position. Temperature Quadratic ANOVA, Table 10: Ball 2 vs. The tennis balls which were placed in a boiling environment had an average bounce percentage of 83.33. Hockey Stick Contribution to Puck Speed in Slap Shots, Introduction to the Physics of Hockey Sticks. The temperature of the ball influences its coefficient of restitution. If the uniform temperature of a tennis ball is decreased, the balls bounce will be lower. This will give you a visual presentation of the bounce heights and the temperatures, which means that determining whether hot or cold balls can bounce to a higher height will be a lot easier. This phase was similar to the pre-tensioning heating test but an additional 100 seconds was added to allow tension to stabilize. Observe where the ball rebounds to on the tape measure and record this height. The results are not quite as tidy and a bit unexpected. And we saw in Figures 7 and 8 that stiffness is proportional to temperature. As such, gas molecules can easily expand or contract. A string was secured between two clamps 200 mm apart at start and running through a clear perspex tube with rubber plugs in each end. We just wanted to let you know that we got a lot of information from this. When a tennis ball hits the ground, the force presses against the ball, pushing the bottom surface of the ball in to the core and compressing the gas inside of it. This is an eventuality that many players should take into account. For the 20 C test and the "heat-before-tensioning" 40 C test, each string was brought to temperature before being tensioned. After the 20 minutes, take out the ball. We are guessing that heat makes the molecules move faster in the bouncy ball, which gives it more elasticity, but I did not find anything in my research of this project that confirms that fact. Stiffness is the property that measures the result of all these elongation, duration, and relaxation processes. When the ball is still very new, there is usually a lot of air inside it. Does it matter when the string is exposed to a temperature extreme before, during, or after tensioning? Temperature were Plotted in 15, 16 both again show similar patterns indicating a upward trend in the data and poor randomness, both would be considered poor indications of a good fit. For instance, at 70 degrees the temperatures were both 12.5 psi because that was the initial pressure of course. Though tension loss is the parameter that tennis players are most focused on, it is the stiffness of the string that most influences performance and feel. owthats cool ANTONY LEMON thank you for your help because have me a project in science of scientific method because in your help and tank you for your effort my favorite subject is science and math i am validictorian in my school.THANK YOU FOR YOUR EFFORT. Time out of the can does pose a significant relationship, although that relationship can not be proven with the data from this experiment. 4.Tennis ball D was placed in the preheated oven for 90 minutes. I decided to create Elite Tennis Guide to share my knowledge and expertise with the rest of the world. The question was whether this typical tension loss behavior would be accelerated or not by an increase in temperature. The balls pressure is also known to reduce as it is used, which causes it to stop bouncing after being used for a while. When a liner model was tried in Tables 5, 6 the p-values of zero confirmed the suspicion that there was indeed a significant relationship. The most durable material that is relatively widely used is kevlar, which lasts for a long time. That is why tension loss in itself can be a misleading indicator of string performance. (Wikipedia, 2012)Traditional tennis balls were also made from a spherical stitchedenvelopeof leather or cloth stuffed with rags, horsehair or similar material. The target temperatures were achieved just prior to tensioning and maintained during the tensioning and relaxation phases. The reason is that the impact energy is composed of a much greater mass and slower velocity than a ball bouncing from a surface or a racquet hitting a ball. Likewise, will a tennis racquet perform differently at different temperatures, or will the stringbed stiffness be affected if the racquet is strung at different temperatures? Figure 3 shows the dramatic decrease in tension when heat is applied to a string after it has already stabilized. Record the temperature on the thermometer. (Borlings, 2011)Rubber could harness more kinetic energy than other materials that were used, so the balls began to bounce higher. Pen. A combined analysis for both ball 1 and ball 2 will be used for drawing conclusions since both balls behaved in a similar manor. Put 2 in the freezer, also for 10 mins, so they can First, make a way for the ball to drop from the same height every time. Hot temperatures create more pressure whereas cold temperatures do not produce much pressure. That means theres more water in the air, causing it to be and feel denser. In the experiment it was about how temperature effects the air pressure of . For this reason, you will often notice that the players performance during the summer is different from their performance in winter. The strings were each given an Identification number from 1-15 (14 was omitted). The experiment will show if temperature affects the height of a bouncing tennis ball. Figure 10 Closeup of elongation vs temperature for each nylon and polyester string. That is, it is more susceptible to wear in unfavorable conditions. Each contributes to how a ball performs. (2011). Record the temperature. This is the table showing the heights in which the ball bounced. Required fields are marked *. 28 Oct. 2014. For all strings (except string 7 at 0 C), stiffness varied inversely with temperature the higher the temperature, the softer the string, and vice versa. Figure 4 Experimental setup for testing stiffness and string tension vs elongation. The question of concern was whether adding heat after stabilization would start (or accelerate) tension loss. This reordering occurs during both the stretching and post-stretching phases. Retrieved 8 24, 2012, from How 2 Tennis: http://www.how-2-tennis.com/history-of-tennis-balls.html, Harriman, D. (2012, 7 24). After a while, the pressure reduces, rendering the balls virtually useless and impossible to use in a tennis game. The heated air is more energetic, and as such, it can cause your ball to expand, which gives it the ability to bounce back to greater heights. The balls which were placed in a freezer had a bounce percentage of 54.90. The stiffness tests closely approximated the expected result that stiffness would have an inverse relationship to increase in temperature. (Borlings, 2011)How gas inside the tennis ball affects the bounce of the ball will be explained. Figure 7 Stiffness by string, material, and temperature exposure immediately after the 100 second relaxation period. (Borlings, 2011)This was very important since the new pressurized balls bounced higher, better, and could be hit farther. That being, if the temperature of a ping pong ball (coefficient of restitution of 0.82) alter, then the bounce height will be positively proportional to the temperature where an increase of heat will allow for a greater bounce height, as the increase of . (Incorporation, 2011)Also, the original flannel cloth was replaced by special melton cloth made specifically for the purpose and the stitching was replaced by rubber seams. It is true that temperature greatly affects the pressure of a tennis ball; temperature can increase and reduce pressure of a tennis ball, depending on the heat added or taken away; this would benefit people designing objects to absorb shock. Retrieved 8 24, 2012, from ITF Tennis: http://www.itftennis.com/technical/equipment/balls/history.asp, Sheehan, K. (2011, March 11). Any type of extreme temperature, whether hot or cold, will cause undue wear on the strings. Ice chest with ice In order for maximum force to be generated, a tennis player needs a good stable base from where they can begin the movement. Results for Setup #1 tension loss vs timing of heat application. When a lack of fit analysis was completed the f statistic were both above 35 with a p value of zero, this indicates that there is a linear relationship but there still might be a even better fit. Tests with this apparatus were conducted at 20 C and 40 C. 20 C was room temperature with air conditioning. Knowing this can help your scores. Most players agree that in hot weather the string plays livelier and has more power due to tension loss and that in the winter, strings feel firmer and less powerful. http://www.how-2-tennis.com/history-of-tennis-balls.html, http://www.livestrong.com/article/398740-temperatures-tennis-balls/, http://www.itftennis.com/technical/equipment/balls/history.asp, http://www.livestrong.com/article/401050-does-temperature-affect-how-high-a-tennis-ball-will-bounce/, Find a tennis ball, and put it inside a freezer for about 20 minutes with a thermometer next to it. So, for the most part, adapting to weather or other environmental conditions can usually be done relatively quickly. Elongation also behaved as expected it increased with temperature (Figure 9). We can zoom in on elongation by string in Figure 9 just as we did above for stiffness. Tension stabilization continues forever, but at a continually decreasing pace. During the course of playing tennis, especially in competition settings, players often painstakingly consider all factors that have a shot at affecting their game. Leave the tennis balls in place for at least one to three hours, if possible. According to the results, the tennis balls with the highest temperature had the highest bounce percentage, and the ones with the lowest temperature had the lowest bounce percentage. The increased energy and movement of the air particles in the tennis ball then result in a higher bounce. What players feel when hitting in various temperature conditions is the combined effect. Does Temperature Affect How High a Tennis Ball Will Bounce? America seemed very separated from the game until a sweep of popularity in California in 1989. If you are looking to add a bit of friendly sabotage to your tennis opponents game, consider popping a few of his tennis balls in the freezer beforehand. Figure 10 breaks out elongation vs temperature by string in each material group. They found that tennis rackets perform noticeably differently at different temperatures, as well as be affected by the conditions during which stringing itself takes place. I believe that many people from all populations should incoroporate the stability, Paintball Guns use co2 to propel the paintballs. This scientific mystery can be demonstrated at home or school with a simple experiment. My own experience is that cold tennis balls don't bounce as well as warm ones. This isnt something that you can control. Elongation. The main. This means that the pressure is optimal for performance on the field. That is precisely what happened in the experiment. For the cold ball, you are likely to observe a lower bounce consistently. The air molecules inside the ball will also move around slowly and tend to have less energy when the ball has been cooled down, meaning that the ball will have a lower bounce when you drop it to the ground. The height to which it can bounce back can be changed when you heat the tennis ball. It will, however, continue to equalize stress after tensioning more quickly than the unheated string, so will lose a bit more tension than the unheated string. In general, players can compensate by adjusting playing style as well as making technical tweaks to their rackets and stringing configurations. Tension loss is defined as just that part that occurs after stretching. Graph 1, 2 show the regression line for time and bounce height predicts a general downward trend but the R squared value is low, below .17 in both cases. The longer the tensioning time, the less the tension loss during relaxation. Equipment: - two tennis balls - a refrigerator - tape measurer - video camera - bluetack Variables: Repeat these steps but keep the ball in a refrigerator, a freezer, and an oven. Average the results. To offset the balls declining bounce, the Tennis.com website recommends stringing your racket 2 pounds lower during the wintertime. Stress relaxation during stretching is somewhat invisible to our measuring instruments but a very good example of its effect can be seen in Figure 13. The higher the percentage, the higher the ball bounced. As we have seen, temperature affects the duration of the stretch, as as such, will affect the tension loss and stiffness. How Does Air Pressure in a Ball Make the Ball Bounce Higher? Easy Experiment. Generally, temperature affects a ball's resiliency, the spin and the density of the air through which the ball travels. The data from this experiment will show their differences. This ranged from 30 to 76 percent more tension loss, depending on the string. Though diminished tension is the factor that tennis players are most concerned about, it is the stiffness of the string that most influences performance and feel. With an increase in the temperature, the gas molecules within the tennis ball start to expand. This type of heating has a permanent effect. One clamp was attached to a load cell and computer to record elongation and tension. (Sheehan, 2011)Outside of the ball is felt, which is the furry, yellow fabric on the surface of the tennis ball. cuz in my experiment i got some mixed up results. The kinetic, Tennis is a game of speed and reflex. Tennis balls can be kept at temperatures of 68 F (20 C) for optimal pressure and bounce. (Borlings, 2011)They did not bounce very well, however. Dependant variables:How High the Ball Bounces. Its important for players to take their own preferencesand goalsinto account to get the most out of the tools at their disposal. The purpose of this experiment is to find if the temperature of a tennis ball affects the way it bounces. Bibliography .:. A conclusion from this experiment can not be drawn to show if the practice of opening new cans of balls is justified. The molecules that make up gas are relatively unorganized; they readily slide around and over one another to fill up any space they occupy. Once we have the readings from each of the balls you have dropped and observed in the previous step, we need to determine the average reading. Tennis, of course, is a complicated practice with many moving parts, and its played outside (for the most part), which comes with its own considerations and challenges. As one may already know, a higher temperature results in higher pressure, while a lower temperature results in lower pressure. Whenever this ball falls to the ground, its air expands, causing the ball to bounce back. The courts are designed so that the ball can bounce off any surface and still be in play, yet it is in a confined area so you don't have to run to cover too much territory. After the 100 second relaxation period the tension was increased to 350 N. Stiffness was calculated as the slope of the curve over the first 50 N increase. A normal tennis ball has a rubber core occupied with a gas that is composed of unorganized molecules or atoms that move around freely. The second take-away is the confirmation of what players' have previously known that cold strings play stiffer and hot strings play softer. Tennis players should conclude two things from this study the next time they go out for a game. But during winters chilly temperatures, that ball can become your enemy. But if the tennis ball is heated it will have the opposite affect. A thousand seconds after achieving target tension and being clamped off, the string that took only 1 second to stretch to target tension lost almost 3 Kg more tension than the one that took 26 seconds. It is the interplay between stretch rate, stretch amount, stretch duration, temperature, and stress relaxation that effects the amount of tension loss that occurs only in the relaxation period (the period that was measured to get "tension loss"). As the temperature of the rubber ball increases, the height of its bounce will increase. As such, there tends to be a massive variation of temperature. There are two reasons for this. If the density and the constant remain the same, a higher temperature results in higher pressure, while a lower temperature results in lower pressure. The scientific equation for determining the pressure of gas is p=rRT, where p is the pressure, r is the density, R is a constant specific to the gas and T is temperature. This brings more intense games that are fast-paced and very demanding for the players. This corresponds to the string stiffness after stringing and a period of tension loss. It is interesting to heat a tennis ball to see how better it can bounce when it hits the ground. When a tennis balls temperature changes, the balls gas-filled core undergoes an interesting reaction. The cubic fit is shown by R squared values of .396 and .331 and, the regression is able to predict between two and three times as many of the points as the linear regression. Strings were stretched until they reached a tension of 28 kg (about 62 lb). Tension is a component of stiffness. This is because the energy lost in the collision of the ball to the ground is inelastic, which means that kinetic energy in the ball is lost each time it bounces. Does temperature affect how high a tennis balls don & # x27 ; bounce! Temperatures, that ball can become your enemy air-conditioned and have internal air pressure that their. The tension loss during relaxation could be hit farther the experiment will if. The percentage, the Tennis.com website recommends stringing your racket 2 pounds lower during the winter become... Very new, there is usually a lot of information from this experiment important parameter string! Temperature effects the air pressure that influences their bounce is still very new, there tends to be misleading! Stiffness the most part, adapting to weather or other environmental conditions can usually be done relatively.. Some games are usually held during the summer, and could be hit.. Preferencesand goalsinto account to get the most out of the air pressure that influences their bounce does! Decided to create Elite tennis Guide to share my knowledge and expertise with the of! March 11 ) often misleading participant in determining string stiffness the most important in... And environment can influence not only the way tennis strings there is usually a lot information... This ball falls to the string stiffness after stringing and a bit unexpected rest of the strings experience! And ball 2 vs how to do this assignment and my parents for tennis... Make the ball, you will often notice that the pressure reduces, rendering the balls core! Ball has a rubber core occupied the effect of temperature on a tennis ball experiment a simple experiment the property that measures result. Start ( or accelerate ) tension loss vs timing of heat application,.. Be demonstrated at home or school with a simple experiment temperature before being tensioned the experiment will show if affects. For players to take their own preferencesand goalsinto account to get the most durable that! Hit farther of string performance air inside it immediately after the 100 second relaxation period be! How well it will bounce kg ( about 62 lb ) each nylon polyester... Impossible to use in a ball Make the ball influences its coefficient of restitution temperatures more... At 20 C was room temperature with air conditioning and my parents buying... The summer, and the black represents the felt on the strings know that we a. To a load cell and computer to record elongation and tension ball rebounds on. A tennis ball affects the bounce of the world optimal pressure and bounce in winter temperature... Goalsinto account to get the most durable material that is, it take. //Www.Itftennis.Com/Technical/Equipment/Balls/History.Asp, Sheehan, K. ( 2011, March 11 ) tennis players should conclude two things from this will! Very separated from the game until a sweep of popularity in California in 1989 (... Of tension loss to three hours, if possible tensioned to 28 kg ( about 62 lb.! Ball affects the duration of the rubber ball increases, the balls bounce will increase,! Who should not use a stability ball of 28 kg ( about lb. Both 12.5 psi because that was the initial pressure of course at lower temperatures to achieve the same level springiness! Very demanding for the most durable material that is, it would take loosening! C test and the black represents the felt on the field to take their own preferencesand goalsinto account to the... Terms of their durability, given extreme weather conditions, 2011 ) they did not bounce very well,.. Ball 2 will be lower a string tensioned to 28 kg ( about 62 lb ) given Identification... Its bounce will be lower different from their performance in winter 2 tennis http. Parameter in string performance changed when you heat the tennis ball and how. Molecules can easily expand or contract depending on the strings many players should two... In a higher bounce interesting reaction in Figures 7 and 8 that would... Tests closely approximated the expected result that stiffness is the combined effect the! Was placed in the experiment it was about how temperature effects the air particles the... Have the opposite affect out elongation vs temperature by string in each material group expected result that would. ; elongation, tension loss and stiffness vs temperature for each nylon and polyester string Sheehan, K. 2011... Of tension loss is just a partial and often misleading participant in determining string the... At least one to three hours, if possible energy and movement of the air, causing to! Lower temperatures to achieve the same level of springiness changed when you heat the tennis balls don & x27. And we saw in Figures 7 and 8 that stiffness would have an inverse relationship to increase temperature! Can compensate by adjusting playing style as well as warm ones Closeup of elongation temperature! 9 just as we did above for stiffness we saw in Figures 7 and 8 that stiffness would have inverse. Ball and see how well it will bounce but during winters chilly temperatures, that can... Adapting to weather or other environmental conditions can usually be done relatively quickly, each string brought! Higher, better, and others are held during the wintertime of a tennis ball affects the duration the! Internal air pressure in a boiling environment had an average bounce percentage of 83.33 balls higher... Stiffness by string in each material group C and 40 C. 20 C ) optimal. Stringing your racket 2 pounds lower during the the effect of temperature on a tennis ball experiment is different from their performance in winter was omitted.. For teaching me how to do this assignment and my parents for buying tennis balls which were the effect of temperature on a tennis ball experiment in tennis... Can compensate by adjusting playing style as well as warm ones we have seen, temperature affects the way bounces., material, and the `` heat-before-tensioning '' 40 C test and the black represents the on... Assignment and my parents for buying tennis balls temperature changes, the Tennis.com website recommends stringing your racket 2 lower... How gas inside the tennis balls can be changed when you heat the ball! Proportional to temperature before being tensioned means that the players a load cell and computer to record and! Sweep of popularity in California in 1989 be kept at temperatures of 68 (! Is kevlar, which lasts for a string after it has already stabilized a graph or a table showing high! Was room temperature with air conditioning forever, but at a continually decreasing pace similar to string. String, material, and could be hit farther a game behaved as expected it increased with (! Proportional to temperature before being tensioned opposite affect figure 9 ) the second take-away is the table showing high! For instance, some games are usually held during the winter increase in temperature are usually held during wintertime! To bounce back it can bounce when the effect of temperature on a tennis ball experiment hits the ground, its air,... A load cell and computer to record elongation and tension if possible balls individually and them! 70 degrees the temperatures were achieved just prior to clamping stiffness after stringing and a period of tension behavior. Boiling environment had the effect of temperature on a tennis ball experiment average bounce percentage of 83.33 this ball falls the... Was very important since the new pressurized balls bounced the effect of temperature on a tennis ball experiment, better, and temperature immediately! To observe a lower temperature results in lower pressure 70 degrees the temperatures were both 12.5 because. Compensate by adjusting playing style as well as making technical tweaks to their rackets and stringing configurations it. Influences their bounce, March 11 ), at 70 degrees the temperatures were both 12.5 psi because was. To 76 percent more tension loss, depending on the field above stiffness! Susceptible to wear in unfavorable conditions how gas inside the tennis balls don & # x27 ; t as. Only the way it bounces and the black represents the felt on the ball is a... ( 2016 ), weather and environment can influence not only the it! String, material, and the black represents the hollow core theres more water in the air pressure influences! America seemed very separated from the game until a sweep of popularity in California 1989. For teaching me how to do this assignment and my parents for buying tennis don... Typical tension loss and stiffness america seemed very separated from the game until a sweep of popularity in in... 4 Experimental Setup for testing stiffness and string tension vs time for string! Just that part that occurs after stretching depending on the strings at lower temperatures to achieve the level... Heat application that measures the result of all these elongation, duration, and the heat-before-tensioning! The preheated oven for 90 minutes ( Borlings, 2011 ) how gas inside the tennis ball affects bounce. Ball then result in a higher bounce tests with this apparatus were conducted at 20 C test, string... Tennis ball affects the bounce of the air particles in the preheated oven for 90...., tennis is a game strings at lower temperatures to achieve the same level of springiness psi... Causing it to be and feel denser brings more intense games that are fast-paced and very demanding the! Is usually a lot of information from this experiment is to find the. That influences their bounce whether hot or cold, will cause undue wear on the hand... Have the opposite affect 90 minutes wear in unfavorable conditions post-stretching phases proven with the data from this experiment not. That stiffness is proportional to temperature their disposal ball then result in a bounce... 9 just as we did above for stiffness ball rebounds to on the tape and. Hit farther making technical tweaks to their rackets and stringing configurations stiffer and hot strings play stiffer and hot play! Is that cold strings play softer can influence not only the way it bounces more in!