NASA responds to Bill Kaysing's book, We Never Went to the Moon, by identifying one of his claims of fraud regarding the lack of a crater left on the Moon's surface by the landing of the lunar module, and refuting it with facts about the soil and cohesive nature of the surface of the Moon. The facility's decommissioning began in 1998, and the last of its structures was demolished in May 2012. Since 2012, Plum Brook Station has received about $31 million in annual funding from NASA, most of which comes from the agencys Construction and Environmental Compliance account the budget line reserved for building, maintaining and demolishing infrastructure. We will get in touch with you shortly. The reactor was originally planned for the NACA nuclear airplane project. 8. By May 1974 the staff had mothballed all of the Rocket Systems Area sites. [153] In November 2004, they gave a lecture at the Glasgow Science Centre where the top ten claims by conspiracists were individually addressed and refuted.[154]. "The Service Module is . In May 2008, JAXA reported detecting the "halo" generated by the Apollo 15 Lunar Module engine exhaust from a Terrain Camera image. For much of the early stages of the Space Race, the USSR was ahead of the United States, yet in the end, the USSR was never able to fly a crewed spacecraft to the Moon, let alone land one on the surface. "[29] Vasily Mishin, in an interview for the article "The Moon Programme That Faltered," describes how the Soviet Moon program dwindled after the Apollo landings. The CMA will connect the capsule to the ESA (European Space Agency)-provided service module for the spacecraft's next mission, Exploration Mission-1. Overall, however, Plum Brook remained quiet. All rights reserved. [136] Most personal computers as of 2019, use 50,000100,000 times this amount of RAM. [151][152] In November 2002, Peter Jennings said "NASA is going to spend a few thousand dollars trying to prove to some people that the United States did indeed land men on the Moon," and "NASA had been so rattled, [they] hired [somebody] to write a book refuting the conspiracy theorists." In November 2004 the Dynamics Stand (E Stand) became the first to fall. In a televised program about the Moon-landing hoax allegations, Fox Entertainment Group listed the deaths of ten astronauts and two civilians related to the crewed spaceflight program as part of an alleged cover-up. NASA Glenn Research Center's Plum Brook Station in Sandusky, Ohio, houses the world's largest, most powerful space environment simulation facilities, most powerful spacecraft acoustic test chamber, and highest capacity and most powerful spacecraft shaker system. In April 2001, Leonard David published an article on space.com,[157][158] which showed a photo taken by the Clementine mission showing a diffuse dark spot at the site NASA says is the Apollo 15 lander. The evidence was noticed by Misha Kreslavsky, of the Department of Geological Sciences at Brown University, and Yuri Shkuratov of the Kharkiv Astronomical Observatory in Ukraine. Better signal was supposedly received at Parkes Observatory when the Moon was on the opposite side of the planet. An article titled "Stanley Kubrick and the Moon Hoax" appeared on Usenet in 1995, in the newsgroup "alt.humor.best-of-usenet". Six percent of respondents believed it was not real, but eleven percent millennials (reached adulthood in the early 21st century) were the most likely to believe it was not factual.[200]. ), Conspiracy theorists claim that NASA faked the landings to avoid humiliation and to ensure that it continued to get funding. Also, radio transmissions between the astronauts on the surface and in orbit were independently recorded. Whether funds continue to pour into Plum Brook Station remains to be seen. Page Last Updated: September 28, 2021, 21000 Brookpark RoadCleveland, OH 44135(216) 433-4000. NASA Glenn's Space Power Facility in Sandusky, Ohio, contains the world's largest space simulation chamber. Conspiracists see this as evidence that they never existed. The job placement activities went well, but the attempts to elicit outside interest in Plum Brook failed. This suggests that artificial lights were used. For technical reasons, the Apollo 11 lander carried a slow-scan television (SSTV) camera (see Apollo TV camera). While the Apollo missions gathered 380kg (840lb) of Moon rocks, the Soviet Luna 16, Luna 20 and Luna 24 robots gathered only 326g (11.5oz) combined (that is, less than one-thousandth as much). [121] Goddard was storing 35,000 new tapes per year in 1967,[122] even before the Moon landings. [130][131] In fact, by the time of the launch of the first crewed Earth-orbiting Apollo flight (Apollo 7), the USSR had made only nine spaceflights (seven with one cosmonaut, one with two, one with three) compared to 16 by the United States. [168], The Apollo program collected 380kg (838lb) of Moon rocks during the six crewed missions. Discover the best publication that space professionals throughout the world turn to first. Moreover, the USSR did not develop a successful rocket capable of a crewed lunar mission until the 1980s their N1 rocket failed on all four launch attempts between 1969 and 1972. By the time of Apollo 11, the United States had a lead much wider than that. Nevertheless, the claim was taken up in earnest;[144] Clyde Lewis used it almost word-for-word,[143] whereas Jay Weidner gave the brother a more senior status within the party: No one knows how the powers-that-be convinced Kubrick to direct the Apollo landings. ESA now is planning to build a test stand in Europe to accommodate such tests, the IG wrote. [132] The Soviet LK lunar lander was tested in uncrewed low-Earth-orbit flights three times in 1970 and 1971. [123] Senior engineer Dick Nafzger, who was in charge of the live TV recordings during the Apollo missions, was put in charge of the restoration project. Sibrel said that it may have been caused by indoor fans used to cool the astronauts since their spacesuit cooling systems would have been too heavy on Earth. Oberg says that belief in the hoax theories is not the fault of the conspiracists, but rather that of teachers and people (including NASA) who should provide information to the public. According to the article, Dr. Richard West said that his team would take "a high-resolution image of one of the Apollo landing sites." "[179] Geologists realize that gold and silver deposits on Earth are the result of the action of hydrothermal fluids concentrating the precious metals into veins of ore. NASA also used the Space Power Facility to test its Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle. However, Kubrick only got this lens for Barry Lyndon (1975). Film in the cameras would have been fogged by this radiation. The quality of the photographs is implausibly high. This eliminated the near-term need for a nuclear rocket. The most notable claim is that the six crewed landings (19691972) were faked and that twelve Apollo astronauts did not actually walk on the Moon. NASA also notes that all of the operations and phases of the Apollo program were closely followed and under the scrutiny of the news media, from liftoff to splashdown. Footprints in the Moondust are unexpectedly well preserved, despite the lack of moisture. 5. Because von Braun was a former SS officer (though one who had been detained by the Gestapo),[170] the documentary film Did We Go? [Meta] Sticky Comment. The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) launched their SELENE Moon orbiter on September 14, 2007 (JST), from Tanegashima Space Center. 6. Lewis set up a job placement office at Plum Brook to assist those affected. Nafzger praised Lowry for restoring "crispness" to the Apollo video, which will remain in black and white and contains conservative digital enhancements. In addition, the center decided to begin removing the Plum Brook Ordnance Works (PBOW) concrete bunkers that had stored munitions during World War II and NASA records and equipment in later years. In 2013, SpaceX tested the 5.2-meter fairing for its Falcon 9 rocket there. The number of photos taken is implausibly high. "[171] NASA continues to send teams to work in Antarctica to mimic the conditions on other planets. A majority of the test facilities are underutilized, with the level of use and funding for these facilities depending on NASA programs and external customers choosing to perform testing at Plum Brook rather than at other NASA or private facilities, the IG wrote in the 28-page report, Audit of NASAs Requirements for Plum Brook Station.. The fairing is an essential piece of hardware for the Hawthorne, California, companys commercial satellite launches. Furthermore, NASA and others say that these gains by the Soviets are not as impressive as they seem; that a number of these firsts were mere stunts that did not advance the technology greatly, or at all, e.g., the first woman in space. Baron and his family were killed as their car was struck by a train at a train crossing. The leading candidate at this point, the IG wrote, is NASAs Space Launch System. Despite the undeniably impressive facilities at Plum Brook, the station has its problems. The astronauts could not have survived the trip because of exposure to radiation from the Van Allen radiation belt and galactic ambient radiation (see radiation poisoning and health threat from cosmic rays). NASA demolished the Liquid Hydrogen Pump Facility (A Site), the Turbopump Facility (C Site), Hydraulics Laboratory (F Site), and the Fluorine Pump Facility (I Site) in late summer and fall of 2009. "Moon hoax" redirects here. [113] Parkes had a bigger antenna than NASA's antenna in Australia at the Honeysuckle Creek Tracking Station, so it received a better picture. The digital technology on Earth during the time of the Moon landings was just in its infancy. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Glenn Research Center (GRC) is leading the design and build of the new world-class vibroacoustic test capabilities at the NASA GRC's Plum Brook Station in Sandusky, Ohio, USA. [54] Conspiracists contend that NASA chose not to put the stars into the photos because astronomers would have been able to use them to determine whether the photos were taken from the Earth or the Moon, by means of identifying them and comparing their celestial position and parallax to what would be expected for either observation site. [164] The Intrepid lander descent stage, experiment package (ALSEP), Surveyor 3 spacecraft, and astronaut footpaths are all visible. Instead, far from calling the landings a hoax, the third edition (19701979) of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (which was translated into English between 1974 and 1983 by Macmillan Publishers, and was later made available online by TheFreeDictionary.com[22]) contained many articles reporting the landings as factual, such as its article on Neil Armstrong. [42] This was the reason the final flights were cut, along with plans for even more ambitious follow-on programs such as a permanent space station and crewed flight to Mars. Please contact the moderators of this subreddit if you . [44] They show that NASA's portrayal of the Moon landing is fundamentally accurate, allowing for such common mistakes as mislabeled photos and imperfect personal recollections. 5. Covering the business and politics of space. The Space Power Facility has a recent history of attracting commercial customers, too. The test facilities at Plum Brook are separated by large distances to safely support testing of large quantities of gaseous or cryogenic By the late 1970s, NASA decided to continue the maintenance of the reactor, Space Power Facility (SPF), Spacecraft Propulsion Research Facility (B2), Cryogenic Propellant Tank Facility (K Site), and the Hypersonic Tunnel Facility (HTF), but ceased protecting the other Rocket Systems Area sites. Activities at the reactor were terminated immediately, and the other facilities would shut down by fiscal year 1974. All of the conspiracists' claims examined on the show were labeled as having been "Busted", meaning that the conspiracists' claims were not true. The entire process ultimately cost $253 million, significantly more than the inflation-adjusted cost of constructing the facility.[4]. [166], China's second lunar probe, Chang'e 2, which was launched in 2010, can photograph the lunar surface with a resolution of up to 7m (23ft). It parodies conspiracy theories with faked interviews, stories of assassinations of Stanley Kubrick's assistants by the CIA, and a variety of conspicuous mistakes, puns, and references to old movie characters, inserted through the film as clues for the viewer. NASAs astrophysics department plans to test high-altitude balloons in the chamber, and the U.S. Army plans to test components for unmanned aerial vehicles there, according to the IG. Termination of Plum Brook Activities (1973), Bruce Lundin Talk to Plum Brook Staff (1974), Capabilities and Facilities of Plum Brook (c1970), Potential Use of Plum Brook Facilities (1973), NASA Ohio Preservation Office Agreement (2012). The Moon rocks also share the same traits as Soviet samples.[169]. Plum Brook is situated on 6,400 acres in Sandusky and is home to some of the world's most powerful space simulation chambers that support the Artemis mission to return to the moon, making this. 7. Moon-landing conspiracists claim that observatories and the Hubble Space Telescope should be able to photograph the landing sites. This French mockumentary, directed by William Karel, was originally aired on Arte channel in 2002 with the title Opration Lune. In 1961, NASA's Plum Brook Reactor Facility in Sandusy, Ohio went live, with a focus on researching nuclear-powered vehicles first airplanes, and then rockets. NASA raised "about US$30 billion" to go to the Moon, and Kaysing claimed in his book that this could have been used to "pay off" many people. Photos of the Moon have been taken by Hubble, including at least two Apollo landing sites, but the Hubble resolution limits viewing of lunar objects to sizes no smaller than 5569m (6075yd), which is insufficient resolution to see any landing site features.[156]. Like Atlas Obscura and get our latest and greatest stories in your Facebook feed. Then theres a wind tunnel called the Hypersonic Tunnel facility, which allows NASA to test the aircraft of the future at speeds up to seven times the speed of sound. Only Plum Brooks Space Power Facility, a cavernous vacuum chamber for testing full-scale space hardware, has a steady stream of customers lined up, according to the inspector general. Offer available only in the U.S. (including Puerto Rico). The reactor first went critical on 14 June 1961, and was finally shut down on 5 January 1973. Plum Brook Station is testing a new generation of space exploration technologies that are essential for NASA's plans to explore the lunar surface and again land humans on the Moon. Filmmaker Stanley Kubrick is accused of having produced much of the footage for Apollos 11 and 12, presumably because he had just directed 2001: A Space Odyssey, which is partly set on the Moon and featured advanced special effects. Neither the Atomic Energy Commission nor NASA Lewis had been given any indication that the nuclear propulsion program would be cancelled until the budget was officially announced on January 5, 1973. Jason Joey Berry, 39, of Montreal, Canada, pleaded guilty today to conspiracy to distribute fentanyl and import it into the United States, resulting in serious bodily injury and death. Some main arguments (set in plain text) and counter-arguments (set in italics) are listed below. Plum Brook Station, located about 50 miles west of NASA's Glenn Research enter in Sandusky, Ohio, is home to several unique space-related test facilities, including the Space Power Facility (SPF), an environmental simulation chamber used to test hardware in a simulated space or planetary environment. Nevertheless, Opration Lune is still taken at face value by some conspiracy believers. Last used in 1998 to test the upper stage of Boeings ill-fated Delta 3 launch vehicle, B-2s steam ejection system which has been broken for years needs $15 million worth of repairs before the chamber can properly simulate high-altitude conditions required for engine tests, according to the IG. [a][15] Folklorist Linda Dgh suggests that writer-director Peter Hyams' film Capricorn One (1978), which shows a hoaxed journey to Mars in a spacecraft that looks identical to the Apollo craft, might have given a boost to the hoax theory's popularity in the post-Vietnam War era. 10. This implies that the world's major observatories (as well as the Hubble Program) are complicit in the hoax by refusing to take photos of the landing sites. The presence of retroreflectors (mirrors used as targets for Earth-based tracking lasers) from the Laser Ranging Retroreflector Experiment (LRRR) is evidence that there were landings. However, NASA canceled the commission later that year, after complaints that the book would dignify the accusations. Plum Brook is currently . The criminal conspiracy involved distributing fentanyl and other similar substances from Canada and China into the United States, resulting in 15 overdoses, four of which were fatal. [181] The Apollo 14 astronauts deployed a retroreflector on February 5, 1971, and McDonald Observatory detected it the same day. Some facilities have already been penciled in for demolition, including the Cryogenic Components Laboratory. Conspiracists argue that Marshall Space Flight Center Director Wernher von Braun's trip to Antarctica in 1967 (about two years before the Apollo 11 launch) was to gather lunar meteorites to be used as fake Moon rocks. Later Apollo missions did not use SSTV. The Space Power Facility (SPF) at the NASA Glenn Research Center's (GRC) Plum Brook Station in Sandusky, Ohio is already the home of the world's largest thermal vacuum chamber. [124] In time for the 40th anniversary of the Apollo 11 landing, Lowry Digital had been tasked with restoring the surviving footage. Its used for testing full-scale space hardware, including parts of rockets, Mars landers, and space stations. The Lunar Modules made no blast craters or any sign of dust scatter.[98]. Some of the testings were done in a NASA training facility. Two of the above, X-15 pilot Mike Adams and MOL pilot Robert Lawrence, had no connection with the civilian crewed space program that oversaw the Apollo missions. 2. Even as late as 2001, the Fox television network documentary Conspiracy Theory: Did We Land on the Moon? In November 2006, COSMOS Online reported that about 100 data tapes recorded in Australia during the Apollo 11 mission had been found in a small marine science laboratory in the main physics building at the Curtin University of Technology in Perth, Australia. The steady reduction of NASAs budget in the late 1960s and early 1970s coincided with the agencys decision to develop the space shuttle. Several scenes in 2001 show dust billowing as spacecraft landed, something that would not happen in the vacuum environment of the Moon. [191][192][193] In 2009, a poll held by the United Kingdom's Engineering & Technology magazine found that 25% of those surveyed did not believe that men landed on the Moon. Orion progress at KSC, consumable offload planned for EM-1. [143] It has been claimed that when 2001 was in post-production in early 1968, NASA secretly approached Kubrick to direct the first three Moon landings. Various groups and individuals have made claims since the mid-1970s that NASA and others knowingly misled the public into believing the landings happened, by manufacturing, tampering with, or destroying evidence including photos, telemetry tapes, radio and TV transmissions, and Moon rock samples. The launch and splashdown would be real but the spacecraft would stay in Earth orbit and fake footage broadcast as "live from the Moon." Since 2012, Plum Brook Station has received about $31 million in annual funding from NASA, most of which comes from the agency's Construction and Environmental Compliance account the budget. SELENE orbited the Moon at about 100km (62 miles) altitude. In December 2015, a video surfaced which allegedly shows Kubrick being interviewed shortly before his 1999 death; the video purportedly shows the director confessing to T. Patrick Murray that the Apollo Moon landings had been faked. By 1977 the Hare Krishna magazine Back to Godhead called the landings a hoax, claiming that, since the Sun is 150millionkm (93millionmi) away, and "according to Hindu mythology the Moon is 800,000 miles [1,300,000km] farther away than that", the Moon would be nearly 151millionkm (94millionmi) away; to travel that span in 91 hours would require a speed of more than a million miles per hour, "a patently impossible feat even by the scientists' calculations. NASA Glenn Research Center Plum Brook Station 3899 E. Scheid Road Sandusky, Ohio 44870 Prepared by: Leidos 1750 Presidents Street Reston, Virginia 20190 September 2020 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK FINAL COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT PLAN FOR CERCLA ACTIVITIES NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION PLUM BROOK STATION SANDUSKY, OHIO However, still photos of the original SSTV image are available (see photos). Penn Jillette made note of this in the "Conspiracy Theories" episode of his television show Penn & Teller: Bullshit! A street in front of NASA's D.C. headquarters has been named in honor of the Black women who were essential to early spaceflight. The alleged Moon landings used either a sound stage or were filmed outside in a remote desert with the astronauts either using harnesses or slow-motion photography to make it look like they were on the Moon. [48] With the number of people involved, and noting the Watergate scandal, Jillette noted that someone would have outed the hoax by now. [125], Grumman appears to have destroyed most of its LM documentation,[116][126] but copies of the blueprints for the Saturn V exist on microfilm.[127]. Typical delays in communication were about 0.5 seconds. A Fraud! [20], Hoax theory debunker Phil Plait says in his 2002 book Bad Astronomy,[b] that the Soviets with their own competing Moon program, an extensive intelligence network and a formidable scientific community able to analyze NASA data would have 'cried foul' if the United States tried to fake a Moon landing,[21] especially since their own program had failed. One of the old tapes has been sent to NASA for analysis. [4][5], These conspiracy theories have kept public interest for more than 40 years. Plum Brook Station is a test facility for NASA's Glenn Research Center. Lewis reactivated the B2 vacuum chamber in 1987, SPF and K Site in 1988, and the HTF in 1993. Maybe they had compromised Kubrick in some way. The angle and color of shadows are inconsistent. Those who believe the Moon landings were faked offer several theories about the motives of NASA and the United States government. They have found that the Apollo 11 tapes were sent for storage at the U.S. National Archives in 1970, but by 1984, all the Apollo 11 tapes had been returned to the Goddard Space Flight Center at their request. Some former Apollo personnel want to find the tapes for posterity while NASA engineers looking towards future Moon missions believe the tapes may be useful for their design studies. For example, he claims that, during the Apollo program, the USSR had five times more crewed hours in space than the United States, and notes that the USSR was the first to achieve many of the early milestones in space: the first artificial satellite in orbit (October 1957, Sputnik 1);[d] the first living creature in orbit (a dog named Laika, November 1957, Sputnik 2); the first man in space and in orbit (Yuri Gagarin, April 1961, Vostok 1); the first woman in space (Valentina Tereshkova, June 1963, Vostok 6); and the first spacewalk (Alexei Leonov in March 1965, Voskhod 2). The fate of the other facilities will largely depend on the whims of politicians and humankinds continued desire to reach beyond our planet. The slow-scan television images were not on the tape. The arms of the crosshair are washed-out on the white stripes of the flag (Photo ID: AS15-88-11863), Close-up of the flag, showing washed-out crosshairs. The photo of the Apollo 14 landing site also shows tracks made by an astronaut between a science experiment (ALSEP) and the lander. [140][141] All of the deaths occurred at least 20 months before Apollo 11 and subsequent flights. Kubrick had no such brother the article was a spoof, complete with a giveaway sentence describing Kubrick shooting the moonwalk "on location" on the Moon. M113751661L", "Apollo Moon flags still standing, images show", "American Flags From Apollo Missions Still Standing", "The Flat-out Truth: Earth Orbits? 2022-2023 NASA Plum Brook Station Deer Hunt is Canceled The 2022-2023 NASA Plum Brook Station (now named the Neil A. Armstrong Test Facility) Deer Hunt, managed jointly by NASA and the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Wildlife, is canceled. 7. The site where Michigan launched its first rocket into space lies abandoned in the dense woods along Lake Superior. And considering the cost of maintaining them, this was no small issue. 5. Of special concern to the IG is Plum Brooks B-2 Spacecraft Propulsion Research Facility, a cavernous vacuum chamber built in 1964 and used to test-fire rocket engines in space-like conditions. This direct TV signal, along with telemetry data, was recorded onto one-inch fourteen-track analog tape at Parkes. Moon landing conspiracy theoriesclaim that some or all elements of the Apollo programand the associated Moon landingswere hoaxesstaged by NASA, possibly with the aid of other organizations. The problem is that nobody has yet committed to testing an engine at B-2. We depend on ad revenue to craft and curate stories about the worlds hidden wonders. [117][118], Dr. David R. Williams (NASA archivist at Goddard Space Flight Center) and Apollo 11 flight director Eugene F. Kranz both acknowledged that the original high-quality Apollo 11 telemetry data tapes are missing. Likewise, no commercial launch provider has yet come forward to fund the renovations necessary to make the B-2 usable.. The cavernous vacuum chamber continues to attract a steady stream of customers, including SpaceX, which has tested both its Falcon 9 rocket and Dragon spacecraft at the facility. Space Power facility has a recent history of attracting commercial customers, too, no commercial provider. And space stations time of Apollo 11 lander carried a slow-scan television images not! Of politicians and humankinds continued desire to reach beyond our planet Stand in Europe to accommodate tests... 121 ] Goddard was storing 35,000 new tapes per year in 1967, [ ]... Those who believe the Moon rocks also share the same traits as Soviet samples. [ ]. Arte channel in 2002 with the title Opration Lune is still taken at face value by Conspiracy. Landings was just in its infancy than 40 years Stanley Kubrick and the last of its structures was demolished May... Full-Scale space hardware, including parts of rockets, Mars landers, and the United States government s Research. 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