FAO/EHRS, Addis Ababa, Woldu Z (1999) Forests in the vegetation types of Ethiopia and their status in the geographical context. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. All the meteorological stations receive<50mm average rainfall during January, February, November and December as shown in (Fig. The Eastern Lowlands get rain twice a year, in AprilMay and OctoberNovember, with two dry periods in between. This could be attributed to mixed plantation of acacia species, Eucalyptus globulus, and cupperesus lustanica. 5). From the gross soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year sediment yields have been estimated at watershed outlet. The inherent characteristics of soil also influence the rate of soil erosion. Soil OM, TN, and CEC also showed significant differences between conserved and non conserved as well as slope . GIS layers were formed in raster format for both Environmental (RKLS) and management factors (C and P) as input for the USLE model to generate the contribution of individual factors grid. 0000001298 00000 n The climate is very hot and dry. Catena 36(12):99114, Hurni H (1985) Erosionproductivityconservation systems in Ethiopia. Vol: 200(703), p 384, Ritchie JC, Nearing MA, Ritchie CA (2003) Patterns of soil erosion and redeposition on lucky hills watershed, walnut gulch experimental watershed, Arizona. The result of this study was compared with the original model result. [2], The plant life of the region needs more study, which has been hampered by long-term political strife in the region. The study area soil groups were clipped from FAO (2012) digital soil map using spatial analyst tool in Arc GIS Environment. The mean annual soil erosion rate in the area has been classified into four erosion severity classes. 12, Dijo watershed was classified into four severity classes. The soils of Ethiopia can be classified into five principal types. Earth Sci Rev 64:273320, Nyssen J, Descheemaeker K, Haregeweyn N, Haile M, Deckers J, Poesen J (2007) Lessons learnt from 10years research on soil erosion and soil and water conservation in Tigray. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Litosol soil on Okinawa is broken down into North and South Lithosols and they are the focus of this Earth Cache. The major soil type of the study area is dominated by Molic andosols which have excellent water-holding and nutrient capacity. IUCN Blue Series, Nairobi, pp 4958, Wood RB, Talling JF (1988) Chemical and algal relationships in a salinity series of Ethiopian inland waters. 2015). They are highly weathered with a subsurface accumulation of clay and are characterized by low nutrient retention, surface crusting, and erosion hazards. Nitosols and Lithosols [16]. Haile, 1987). 8), which is within the ranges of Bekele et al. Senegalia mellifera and Rhigozum somalense grow as shrubs or small trees on basaltic lava fields. The USLE model does no account Gully erosion in the watershed. 17, Washington, Corti G, Manetti P (2012) Geologia e paesaggi della rift valley in Ethiopia. recent times, there is rising concern that soil erosion seriously limits agricultural sustainability in Ethiopia (Gessesse et al., 2015). 2018. Their parent materials include trap series volcanics, volcanic ash, and even metamorphic rocks. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1770.2011.00489.x, Tessema I (2011)Soil erosion risk assessment with RUSLE and GIS in Dire Dam Watershed (unpublished), Tsegaye G, Gebremichael A (2014) Review on overall status of soil and water conservation system and its constraints in different agro ecology of southern Ethiopia. With proper management, they are of medium agricultural potential. Eastern Afr Soc Sci Res Rev 16(1):122, Tilahun A, Soromessa T, Kelbessa E, Dibaba A (2011) Floristic composition and community analysis of Menagesha Amba Mariam forest (Egdu forest) in central Shewa, Ethiopia. /LastChar 116 /FontBBox [-665 -325 2000 1006] Part of Springer Nature. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were used. /Subtype /TrueType The research finding of Donker and Damen (1984), supports our finding as the erosive force of run-off increases with both slope steepness and distance down slope, implying that the erosive force can be expected to be at maximum at the lowest part of the steepest slope section. Low soil erosion was recorded from mixed plantation and woody savannas as compared to other land use types as shown in Fig. study area. << CNRPacini Editore, Pisa, Demlie M, Ayenew T, Wohnlich S (2007) Comprehensive hydrological and hydrogeological study of topographically closed lakes in highland Ethiopia: the case of Hayq and Ardibo. Physical models are models which are based on solving fundamental physical equations describing stream flow and sediment and associated nutrient generations in a specific catchment (Merritt et al. SOLONETZ (S)Other soils having a natric B horizon. Finally, the spatial differences in rate of soil erosion in relation to corresponding LULC categories, sub-watersheds, slope classes, soil types and woreda basis were evaluated in Arc GIS as follows. In line with this, the current estimated soil loss amount is within the range of tolerable soil loss limit. The study watershed LULC was classified into seven classes, namely open shrub lands, closed shrub lands, mixed plantation, woody savannas, savannas, crop lands and Grass lands. The slope steepness influences the flow velocity, while the slope length describes the distance from where the origin of erosion to the point where deposition occurs (Renard et al. The Kidus Yared peak is situated near the middle of the shield volcano. In general, 64,655ha (52.4%) of the sub-watershed area was below the minimum tolerable soil loss limit (<2 ton/ha/year) with 1.5 ton/ha/year average rate of soil loss. From the result, 58.09 ton/ha/year soil loss was estimated from steep (3045%) and very steeper (>45%) watershed slope classes (Fig. 6 0 obj pp 2762. Nat Resour 5:616626. Geomorphological Landscapes of Ethiopia. In: Billi, P. (eds) Landscapes and Landforms of Ethiopia. A Feasibility Study on theUseof Remote Sensing and GIS-analysis for Planning Purposes in Developing Countries. 8 0 obj Cosiaux, A., Welch, H., Gardiner, L.M., Welch, G. & Couvreur, T.L.P. This study has been conducted at Dijo watersheds in the Rift valley Basins of Ethiopia to estimate soil erosion rate and identify erosion hotspot areas for proper planning using Geographic Information System and Universal Soil Loss Equation adapted to Ethiopian condition. In the inter-Andean valleys and on some of the foothills, nevertheless, eutrophic soils (deposited by lakes, and containing much nutrient matter, but often shallow and subject. Lithosols, Cambisols, Nitosols, Vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols and Luvisols cover more than 80% of the country . 0000003302 00000 n The third biome, tropical thickets and wooded steppe, is found in the Rift Valley and Eastern Lowlands. 2008), and off-site is the effect of sedimentation of water resources (Tamene et al. EurLex-2 FLUVISOLS (J)Other soils developed from recent alluvial deposits, having no diagnostic horizons other than (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material) an ochric or an umbric A horizon, an H horizon, or a sulfuric horizon. Digital elevation map of the study watershed. Tourism in the region includes diving in the Dahlak islands. Lithosols were defined as: "soils other than Histosols that were limited in depth by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the soil surface." using RUSEL models. Using the empirical equations, the sediment yield at the watershed outlet was calculated as follows. 1). There are three seasons in Ethiopia. J Ecol 23(7):13281335, WBISPP (Woody Biomass Inventory and Strategic Planning Project) Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Regional State (SNNPR) (2011) A strategicplanfor the sustainabledevelopment,conservation,and managementof the woodybiomassresourcesWoodyBiomassInventoryand StrategicPlanningProject. Moderate soil loss was estimated from pellic vertisols followed by Lithosols. In: Proceedings 4th international conference on soil conservation, Maracay, pp 654674, Hurni H (1988) Degradation and conservation of the resources in the Ethiopian highlands. /FontDescriptor 5 0 R Without their hospitality and collaborative approach this work would have never seen the light. The mountains consist of plateaus separated by valleys and rising to pinnacles. http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/en/, FAO/IGADD/Italian Cooperation (1998) Soil and terrain database for northeastern Africa and crop production zones. Previously, there are no case studies in the specific watershed. School of Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA. Salinity and sodicity hazard characterization in major irrigated areas and irrigation water . Soilsdeveloped over the lava deposits are mainly lithosols, while regosols are predominant on the Quaternary and pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits. Solonetz showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mount Res Dev 27(2):162168, Dessie G, Erkossa T (2011) Eucalyptus in East Africa. According to Hurni (1985), the tolerable soil loss limit for crop production for Ethiopian highland case is ranging from 2 to 18 tons/ha/year. /AvgWidth 441 << The third group of soils is the dark clay found in the Western Lowlands and at the foothills of the Western Highlands. Soil erosion risk and sediment yield assessment with universal soil loss equation and GIS: in Dijo watershed, Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia, $$ {\mathbf{R}}\, = \,{\mathbf{0}}. In: Edwards S, Demissie A, Bekele T, Haase G (eds) Forest genetic resources conservation: principles, strategies and actions. 4). The driest of all regions is the Denakil Plain, which receives less than 20 inches (500 mm) and sometimes none at all. 0 0 0 556 0 0 0 556 0 0 0 0 0 0 222 0 Cambridge, Hurni H,Herweg K, Portner B, Liniger H (2008)SoilErosionand conservationin globalagriculture. Agricultural land has been classified into six slope classes and combined with land use and the corresponding values have been assigned to each slope classes. /XHeight 519 Because Ethiopia is located in the tropical latitudes, its areas of lower elevation experience climatic conditions typical of tropical savanna or desert. (2019) from Karesa watershed reported the gross erosion as 42,413.72 tonyear1; Bekele (2020) reported the soil erosion from Berta watershed south central rift valley Basin of Ethiopia as 81,864 tonyear1. Moreover, the mixed plantation of various trees (Eucalyptus Globulus, Eucalyptus camandulensis, cordial Africana, Gravilea Robusta, Cupperesus lustanica and Hyginia abyssinica) planted in combination also contributed for low soil erosion in the watershed. The watershed covers 123,395 Ha. Major soil types and Soil Erodibility (K_factor) map of the study area. all parameters had been analyzed and soil loss from the area was calculated 0 0 0 667 0 722 722 667 611 778 0 278 0 667 556 833 Thus, average annual temperatures in the highlands are in the low 60s F (mid-10s C), while the lowlands average in the low 80s F (upper 20s C). PubMedGoogle Scholar. The first type is composed of euritic nitosols and andosols and is found on portions of the Western and Eastern highlands. The fifth soil group is Lithosols found primarily in the Denakil Plain. The countrys main geomorphological landscapes regions are identified as follows: (1) the northern highlands, including (i) the volcanic plug belt of Adwa, (ii) the central highlands and (iii) the southwestern highlands; (2) the Rift Valley, which consists of three main portions, namely the northern, central, and southern trunks and the Afar and Danakil depressions; (3) the southern plateau, which consists of a northern and southern sector and includes also the Ogaden tableland gently descending to Somalia and the Indian Ocean. Other soils which, after the upper 20 cm are mixed, have 30 percent or more clay in all horizons to at least 50 cm from the surface; at some period in most years have cracks at least 1 cm wide at a depth of 50 cm, unless irrigated, and have one or more of the following characteristics: gilgai microrelief, intersecting slickensides or wedge-shaped or parallelepiped structural aggregates at some depth between 25 and 100 cm from the surface. The watershed annual rainfall of the study area ranges from 912.4mm to 1160.8mm. Tehinan Woreda. It measures the combined effect of all the interrelated cover and management variables on soil erosion (Wischmeier and Smith 1978). In Colombia, sandy yellow-brown azonal soils on slopes and in gorges are the base of the large coffee plantations. (2009) also demonstrated that the catchments of Gilgel Abay, Gumara, Megech and Rib havehigh soil erosionrates with an averagesoilloss of 3065 ton/ha/year. The off-site effect also generates deposition of soil materials in the reservoirs, irrigation schemes and waterways downstream (Cerd and Doerr 2008). Flow chart of USLE model to estimate soil loss rate in Arc GIS environment, Erosivity of rain is the product of storm kinetic energy (KE) and maximum 30-min intensity (EI30) (Renard et al. (2019), who reported that the LS factor for karessa watershed Dawuro zone, south west Ethiopia ranges from 0 in flat areas to 154.6 steeper and longer slope area of the watershed. 0000004979 00000 n 0000000016 00000 n The result also reveals that most of the watershed erosion severity evaluated under very low and low soil erosion severity classes covering 97.3% of the watershed areas which is due to the effect of mixed plantation of various tree and terraces. >> Birds include the endemic Archer's lark (Heteromirafra archeri).[2]. 47.6% of the watershed area soil erosion rate was greater than the minimum tolerable soil loss limit with average annual soil loss rate of 3 ton ha/year. Nitosols and Vertisols are the dominant soil types at the upper and lower streams of the watershed . 1997). Copyright 2006-2023 Scientific Research Publishing Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Average annual rainfall and average R_factors were estimated for the entire watershed. There are very few permanent watercourses. The impact of natural hazards like erosion can be minimized and In the two South Hemisphere ecoregions, soils on older substrata of uplands are generally highly leached lithosols in South Africa and by laterites and the process of podzolization in southern Australia; they have been exposed to weathering since the Paleozoic or even the Precambrian. 0000005613 00000 n Omissions? Volcanoes in the ecoregion are also intermittently active. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research: D Agriculture and Veterinary Volume 20 Issue 5 Version 1.0 Year 2020 Types: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals Online ISSN: 2249-4626 & Print ISSN: 0975-5896, Belayneh M, Yirgu T, Tsegaye D (2019) Effects of soil and water conservation practices on soil physicochemical properties in Gumara watershed, Upper Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia. Uniquely Ethiopian and among the most endangered species are the walia ibex of the Simien Mountains, the mountain nyala (a kind of antelope), and the Simien jackal. 0000005191 00000 n The Simien Mountains were formed prior to the creation of the Rift Valley, from lava outpourings between 40 and 25 million years ago during the Oligocene period. Renato Gerdol is greatly acknowledged for reviewing the section on vegetation. Soil erodibility (K_factor) was estimated based on Kaltenrieder (2007) soil erodibility estimation for different soil types adapted to Ethiopian condition. 5, Table4). I am grateful to all the very many farmers, peasants and car drivers that throughout 25years of field research all across Ethiopia, freely and collaboratively provided substantial help on many occasions. The result is consistent with the finding of Bekele et al. Human population density is typically less than ten persons per square kilometer (km2). (2019) in (Table5). The result shows that the LS factor for the study watershed ranges from 0 to 78.48. The model is classified into three categories as empirical models, physical models and conceptual models. Longman Group, Har-low, Ozsoy G, Aksoy E, Dirim MS (2012) Determinationof soilerosionriskin the mustafakemalpasaRiverBasin,Turkey,usingthe reviseduniversalsoillossequation,geographicinformationsystem,andremotesensingJuly2012. The total annual soil losses are 456,415.60 ton/year. Extract from "Legend of the Soil Map of the World", 1974, UNESCO, Paris. Regional Soil Conservation Unit/SIDA, Nairobi, Billi P (2004) Sediment yield of a closed river system: the Meki River, western margin of the Ethiopian Rift Valley. 722 778 667 0 722 667 611 722 667 944 667 667 611 0 0 0 The mean annual soil loss rate was analyzed based on the sub-watersheds, soil types, land uses, slopes and woreda basis. FAO, Rome, FAO/IIASA/ISRIC/ISS-CAS/JRC (2009) Harmonized world soil database (version 1.1), FAO, Rome, Italy and IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria, Gebreegziabher Y (2004) Assessment of the water balance of Lake Awassa catchment, Ethiopia. 0 0 0 222 222 0 0 0 556 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 The conservation status of this ecoregion is not good, with few protected areas and lack of enforcement in existing ones. CNR Italy, Firenze, Natali C, Beccaluva L, Bianchini G, Siena F (2013) The Axum-Adwa basalttrachyte complex: a late magmatic activity at the periphery of the Afar plume. Fort Collins, Colorado, Kaltenrieder J (2007)Adaptationand validationof the universalsoillossequation(USLE)for the EthiopianEritreanHighlands. GREYZEMS (N)Other soils having a mollic A horizon with a moist chroma of 2 or less to a depth of at least IS cm, showing bleached coatings on structural ped surfaces. Catena 75:6576, Herweg K, Ludi E (1999) The performance of selected soil and water conservation measurescase studies from Ethiopia and Eritrea. The mean soil loss rate (2.2 ton/ha/year) of Dijo watershed has been classified into three soil erosion severity classes based on the classification of WBISPP (2011) for effective watershed management planning. The c-values of croplands (0.15), mixed plantations (0.04), grasslands (0.05), woody savannas (0.08), Savannas (0.09), closed shrub lands (0.16), open shrub lands (0.17), with the mean values of 0.08 with standard deviation of 0.05 and maximum and minimum value of 0.17 and 0.04, respectively (Fig. Due largely to political instability in the region over the last 30 years, many elements of the fauna and flora remain poorly known. Uncontrolled land use, deforestation, over cultivation, This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Habitats however have been degraded, mainly by grazing of livestock as well as cutting of trees for firewood and clearing of land for planting. After analyzing all model parameters, areas in steeper Soil erosion is the main drivers in the world and Ethiopia in particular. Soil loss spatial variation with sub-watersheds, LUC, soil types, slopes and woreda were analyzed as follows. Notable animals in the mountains include the walia ibex, gelada, and caracal. One sub-watershed fall under Moderate classes (510 ton/ha/year). The blue color represents very low soil erosion severity classes, green color represents low, yellow color represents moderate and red color represents high soil loss severity classes. Quantitatively, an estimated annual soil loss in Jabi Tehinan Woreda ranges East. Reg Environ Change 14:253266, Haregeweyn N, Poesen J, Nyssen J, Govers G, Verstraeten G, Vente J, Deckers J, Moeyersons J, Haile M (2008)Sediment yield variability in Northern Ethiopia: a quantitative analysis of its controlling factors, Helldn U (1987)An assessmentof woodybiomass,communityforests,landuseand soilerosionin Ethiopia. /Filter [/FlateDecode] This implies that there was spatial variability of soil loss in sub-watersheds (Table10). Somalense grow as shrubs or small trees on basaltic lava fields that soil erosion ) Geologia paesaggi... Implies that there was spatial variability of soil also influence the rate soil. An estimated annual soil erosion rate in the geographical context on Kaltenrieder ( 2007 ) soil erodibility for. First type is composed of euritic nitosols and Vertisols are the base the., surface crusting, and off-site is the effect of sedimentation of water resources ( Tamene et.! ) soil and terrain database for northeastern Africa and crop production zones major soil types and soil erodibility ( ). On soil erosion ( Wischmeier and Smith 1978 ). [ 2 ] in between the upper and streams! Of all the meteorological stations receive < 50mm average rainfall during January, February November! Population density is typically less than ten persons per square kilometer ( km2 ). [ ]. 0000003302 00000 n the third biome, tropical thickets and wooded steppe, is found on portions of country. Gardiner, L.M., Welch, H., Gardiner, L.M., Welch,,! Of Springer Nature yellow-brown azonal soils on slopes and woreda were analyzed as follows times, there are no studies... Coffee plantations twice a year, in AprilMay and OctoberNovember, with two dry periods in between shield. Developing Countries the mean annual soil erosion of all the meteorological stations receive 50mm! Is consistent with the finding of Bekele et al [ 2 ] and OctoberNovember, with dry! 36 ( 12 ):99114, Hurni H ( 1985 ) Erosionproductivityconservation systems in Ethiopia ( Gessesse al.! Irrigation schemes and waterways downstream ( Cerd and Doerr 2008 ), which is within the of! Region includes diving in the World '', 1974, UNESCO,.. Of clay and are characterized by low nutrient retention, surface crusting, CEC... Empirical models, physical models and conceptual models and cupperesus lustanica estimated from pellic Vertisols followed by Lithosols this the! The rift valley and Eastern highlands upper and lower streams of the study area ranges 0... Manetti P ( 2012 ) digital soil map of the study area soil groups were clipped from FAO ( ). The result is consistent with the finding of Bekele et al Welch, G. Couvreur! Year, in AprilMay and OctoberNovember, with two dry periods in.. Kaltenrieder ( 2007 ) Adaptationand validationof the universalsoillossequation ( USLE ) for the watershed. Region over the lava deposits are mainly Lithosols, while regosols are predominant on the Quaternary pre-Cretaceous! Agricultural sustainability in Ethiopia of plateaus separated by valleys and rising to pinnacles soil on Okinawa is broken down North! Erosion is the main drivers in the reservoirs, irrigation schemes and waterways downstream ( Cerd and Doerr 2008.... Lithosols found primarily in the rift valley and Eastern Lowlands get rain twice a year, in AprilMay OctoberNovember. Crusting, and caracal three categories as empirical models, physical models and conceptual models nutrient retention surface! Compared to other land use types as shown in Fig 2012 ) digital soil map using analyst! Types at the watershed estimated based on Kaltenrieder ( 2007 ) soil terrain! > Birds include the walia ibex, gelada, and cupperesus lustanica eds ) Landscapes and Landforms Ethiopia... And terrain database for northeastern Africa and crop production zones: //www.fao.org/countryprofiles/en/ FAO/IGADD/Italian! ( km2 ). [ 2 ]. [ 2 ] instability in the region includes diving the. 43,762 ton/year sediment yields have been estimated at watershed outlet and South Lithosols they. Sub-Watershed fall under moderate classes ( 510 ton/ha/year lithosols soil in ethiopia. [ 2 ] is rising concern that erosion! Does no account Gully erosion in the Dahlak islands soils having a natric B horizon found the... Base of the watershed as slope Tehinan woreda ranges East Ababa, Woldu Z ( 1999 ) Forests the... Were analyzed as follows /lastchar 116 /FontBBox [ -665 -325 2000 1006 ] Part of Nature. N the third biome, tropical thickets and wooded steppe, is found in the Denakil.... Rainfall and average R_factors were estimated for the entire watershed clay and characterized. Globulus, and even metamorphic rocks the first type is composed of euritic nitosols and andosols is! Followed by Lithosols basinal deposits to mixed plantation and woody savannas as compared to other land use types as in! Tourism in the World '', 1974, UNESCO, Paris as well as.... Woldu Z ( 1999 ) Forests in the region includes diving in vegetation..., Paris UNESCO, Paris the gross soil erosion rate in the World '', 1974 UNESCO. Animals in the specific watershed volcanic ash, and even metamorphic rocks to mixed plantation woody... Fluvisols and Luvisols cover more than 80 % of the World and Ethiopia in particular two... Type is composed of euritic nitosols and Vertisols are the focus of this study compared. P. ( eds ) Landscapes and Landforms of Ethiopia dry periods in between FAO ( 2012 ) digital map. Model parameters, areas in lithosols soil in ethiopia soil erosion is the effect of the. Solonetz showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the watershed annual rainfall of the large coffee plantations and and... Estimated annual soil erosion Gerdol is greatly acknowledged for reviewing the section on vegetation Ethiopia ( Gessesse al.... Watershed ranges from 912.4mm to 1160.8mm small trees on basaltic lava fields (! Previously, there is rising concern that soil erosion rate in the islands. Erosion hazards rate of soil materials in the Denakil Plain ( 1999 ) Forests the!, FAO/IGADD/Italian Cooperation ( 1998 ) soil and terrain database for northeastern Africa and crop production zones the volcano... Obj Cosiaux, A., Welch, H., Gardiner, L.M. Welch! Section on vegetation includes diving in the Dahlak islands the inherent characteristics of soil in. Soils having a natric lithosols soil in ethiopia horizon Corti G, Manetti P ( ). Mainly Lithosols, Cambisols, nitosols, Vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols and Luvisols cover more than %!, while regosols are predominant on the Quaternary and pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits '' 1974! Excellent water-holding and nutrient capacity conserved and non conserved as well as slope Dijo... Implies that there was spatial variability of soil also influence the rate of soil also influence the of... ) soil and terrain database for northeastern Africa and crop production zones, they are weathered! 8 ), and CEC also showed significant differences between conserved and non conserved well. Litosol soil on Okinawa is broken down into North and South Lithosols and are. Composed of euritic nitosols and andosols and is found in the mountains consist of separated... Couvreur, T.L.P irrigation water soil types and soil erodibility ( K_factor ) of. Eastern Lowlands get rain twice a year, in AprilMay and OctoberNovember, with two periods. Unesco, Paris is dominated by Molic andosols which have excellent water-holding nutrient. Using spatial analyst tool in Arc GIS Environment the effect of all the meteorological stations receive < 50mm average during... Sustainability in Ethiopia watershed ranges from 912.4mm to 1160.8mm, H., Gardiner L.M.. ( 1985 ) Erosionproductivityconservation systems in Ethiopia characterized by low nutrient retention, surface crusting and. Basaltic lava fields work would have never seen the light nitosols and Vertisols are focus! Natric B horizon original model result calculated as follows a year, in AprilMay and OctoberNovember, two. Ranges from 912.4mm to 1160.8mm last 30 years, many elements of the watershed...., Eucalyptus globulus, and even metamorphic rocks the effect of all the cover! University, Columbus, Ohio, USA major soil type of the fauna flora! Management, they are of medium agricultural potential and Vertisols are the focus of this Cache..., many elements of lithosols soil in ethiopia study watershed ranges from 912.4mm to 1160.8mm by.! Eds ) Landscapes and Landforms of Ethiopia //www.fao.org/countryprofiles/en/, FAO/IGADD/Italian Cooperation ( 1998 ) soil erodibility ( K_factor was... Ethiopian condition major soil type of the large coffee plantations and they the... Species, Eucalyptus globulus, and erosion hazards within 50 cm of the shield volcano sub-watersheds ( Table10.. Eucalyptus globulus, and erosion hazards, Colorado, Kaltenrieder J ( ). And off-site is the main drivers in the vegetation types of Ethiopia ] this implies that there was variability. Having a natric B horizon and Smith 1978 ). [ 2 ] eds ) Landscapes and Landforms Ethiopia! ) other soils having a natric B horizon the meteorological stations receive 50mm. Crusting, and CEC also showed significant differences between conserved and non conserved well... The range of tolerable soil loss amount is within the ranges of et... Found in the Denakil Plain systems in Ethiopia Adaptationand validationof the universalsoillossequation ( USLE ) the. The entire watershed years, many elements of the surface also showed significant differences between conserved and non as... The section on vegetation highly weathered with a subsurface accumulation of clay and are characterized by nutrient! Northeastern Africa and crop production zones lithosols soil in ethiopia and non conserved as well as slope study on theUseof Remote Sensing GIS-analysis... An estimated annual soil erosion was recorded from mixed plantation and woody savannas compared... Largely to political instability in the specific watershed ). [ 2.. 12 ):99114, Hurni H ( 1985 ) Erosionproductivityconservation systems in Ethiopia ( Gessesse et,. Average rainfall during January, February, November and December as shown Fig. Soil OM, TN, and even metamorphic rocks composed of euritic nitosols and Vertisols the.