Muslims report the greatest degree of religious discrimination by far (39 percent), followed by Hindus (18 percent), Christians (15 percent), and believers of other faiths (9 percent). Results From the 2020 Indian American Attitudes Survey, Russias Growing Footprint in Africas Sahel Region, The Method Behind Putins New START Madness, Malcolm H. Kerr Carnegie Middle East Center, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2021/03/04/remarks-by-president-biden-in-a-call-to-congratulate-the-nasa-jpl-perseverance-team-on-the-successful-mars-landing/, https://drive.google.com/file/d/1qCf6RE2L2FpvA6mny2Y_Xtof_zdJpFdC/view, https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/immigration-statistics/Pop_Estimate/UnauthImmigrant/unauthorized_immigrant_population_estimates_2015_-_2018.pdf, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2021-03-11/how-big-tech-is-importing-india-s-caste-legacy-to-silicon-valley?sref=QmOxnLFz, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/07/13/new-lawsuit-shines-light-caste-discrimination-us-around-world/, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/14/opinion/caste-cisco-indian-americans-discrimination.html, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/18/nyregion/asian-hate-crimes.html, https://time.com/5800209/asian-american-census/, https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/10/14/how-will-indian-americans-vote-results-from-2020-indian-american-attitudes-survey-pub-82929, https://carnegieendowment.org/2021/02/09/how-do-indian-americans-view-india-results-from-2020-indian-american-attitudes-survey-pub-83800, https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/indian-immigrants-united-states-2019, https://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf, https://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/, https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/07/20/the-global-god-divide/, https://www.pewforum.org/2021/01/14/measuring-religion-in-pew-research-centers-american-trends-panel/, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/06/us/debate-erupts-over-californias-india-history-curriculum.html, https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02697381/document, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/12/14/key-findings-about-voter-engagement-in-the-2020-election/, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/06/17/which-party-is-more-to-blame-for-political-polarization-it-depends-on-the-measure/, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/03/18/majorities-of-americans-see-at-least-some-discrimination-against-black-hispanic-and-asian-people-in-the-u-s/, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/04/22/hank-azaria-apologized-playing-apu-i-accept-i-appreciate-it/, https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/on-india-a-fracture-in-the-diaspora-101612878777662.html, https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/05/13/the-power-of-indians-abroad/, https://www.pewresearch.org/methods/2016/05/02/evaluating-online-nonprobability-surveys/, https://today.yougov.com/topics/finance/articles-reports/2016/05/13/pew-research-yougov, https://today.yougov.com/topics/economist/survey-results, http://www.asasrms.org/Proceedings/y2009/Files/303309.pdf. But that same visibility also invites greater scrutiny, shedding light on tensions within the community. North Dakota made the list in 1890 and 1900. U.S. Caste has long been a sensitive and controversial issue in discussions about the Indian American community. Access your favorite topics in a personalized feed while you're on the go. We welcome and appreciate comments onThe Dallas Express as part of a healthy dialogue. This could be the result of circumstance and context, or it could be the product of social distancethe relative distance that one feels toward members of an out-group (religious, ethnic, partisan, and so on) relative to members of ones own in-group. At the time, most immigrants from what was then British India were in fact Sikhs, not Hindus. California had the largest immigrant population of any state in 2018, at 10.6 million. Lawful immigrants made up the majority of the immigrant workforce, at 21.2 million. Online panels are not the same as traditional, probability-based surveys. However, non-citizens are about as likely as foreign-born citizens to engage in the resolution of community issues (12 percent versus 11 percent). As a result, the map shows the nations other than Mexico where the surveys respondents were most likely to have been born. Pew Research Center estimates indicate that in 2065, those who identify as Asian will make up some 38% of all immigrants; as Hispanic, 31%; White, 20%; and Black, 9%. In 2017, the Trump administration deported 295,000 immigrants, the lowest total since 2006. Therefore, it is likely that the sample does not fully represent the South Asian American population and could skew in favor of those who have strong views about caste. In 2013, the House of Representatives had a single Indian . It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research. Second, around one-third of Christians and Hindus and two-fifths of Muslims are situated in the middle, reporting that some of their Indian American networks are made up of friends of the same religion. Several states have Canada as a major source of immigrants. While the majority are immigrants, a rising share . U.S. Census data affirm that Indian Americans enjoy a standard of living that is roughly double that of the median American household, underpinned by substantially greater educational attainmentthe share of Indian Americans with at least a bachelors degree is twice the national average.4 However, these aggregate figures mask severe inequalities within the community. These are some questions this paper attempts to address. The first table lists U.S. states and the District of Columbia by annual net domestic migration, while the second table lists U.S. states and the District of Columbia by annual net international migration. and the fact that the largest immigrant group in West Virginia is from The Philippines. It explores this contentious subject in three ways. . Jonathan Kay is a nonresident research assistant in the Carnegie South Asia Program. Another 23% of all immigrants were unauthorized immigrants. Although a large proportion are not U.S. citizens (38 percent), roughly 2.6 million are (1.4 million are naturalized citizens and 1.2 million were born in the United States). Formed in 2021, we provide fact-based, non-partisan news. In 2018, 3.6 million people in New York (18 percent of the state's population) were native-born Americans who had at least one immigrant parent. When it comes to discrimination experienced by Indian Americans, a significantly larger share of foreign-born Indian Americans (59 percent) state that they have not been discriminated against on any grounds in the past year, compared to just 36 percent of U.S.-born Indian Americans (see figure 27). 14 Mary Hanna and Jeanne Batalova, Indian Immigrants in the United States, Migration Policy Institute, October 16, 2020, https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/indian-immigrants-united-states-2019. 41 Miller McPherson, Lynn Smith-Lovin, and James M. Cook, Birds of a Feather: Homophily in Social Networks, Annual Review of Sociology 27 (2001): 415444. Immigrants today account for 13.7% of the U.S. population, nearly triple the share (4.8%) in 1970. However, the results point in the opposite direction. Predictably, responses vary by place of birth (see figure 13). Most of the nations unauthorized immigrant population lived in these top metro areas as well. 28 Dutt, The Specter of Caste in Silicon Valley; Jennifer Medina, Debate Erupts in California Over Curriculum on Indias History, New York Times, May 4, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/06/us/debate-erupts-over-californias-india-history-curriculum.html. This margin of error is calculated at the 95 percent confidence interval. Share with Friends Add To Playlist. Americans were divided on future levels of immigration. Hindus who recently arrived in the United States are just as likely to identify with a caste group as those who have been here for a quarter-century or more.31. citizens. Twenty-nine percent of respondents report that most or all of their friends are from the same region of India. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. The interactive map below visualizes all of them based on their prior country of residence. Nationally, 38 percent (7 million) of children of immigrants in 2017 had a primary parent a from Mexico, 19 percent (3.5 million) from the rest of Central America and South America, and 43 percent (8 million) from other parts of the world. True False True For those respondents who immigrated to the United States, over half (60 percent) arrived in the year 2000 or after (see figure 2).17 Seventeen percent arrived in the 1990s, 13 percent immigrated in the 1980s, and just 10 percent arrived before the year 1980. 47 Andrew Daniller, Majorities of Americans See At Least Some Discrimination Against Black, Hispanic and Asian People in the U.S., Pew Research Center, March 18, 2021, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/03/18/majorities-of-americans-see-at-least-some-discrimination-against-black-hispanic-and-asian-people-in-the-u-s/. The survey asks respondents to identify the primary language (other than English) spoken by their mothera narrow, literal definition of the concept of ones mother tongue. Not surprisingly, of the non-U.S. citizen population, 88 percent of IAAS respondents claim Indian citizenship. . Some 42% of immigrants in the U.S. speak Spanish at home. Douglas Farrar, Cliff Djajapranata, Fiona Garguilo, Jessica Katz, Laura Lucas Magnuson, Lori Merritt, Tim Martin, Jocelyn Soly, and Cameron Zotter contributed design, editorial, and production assistance. By the 1980s, Mexicans became the nation's largest immigrant group; by 2013, they were the largest immigrant group in 33 states. All attitudinal and perceptual measures and variables discussed in this paper are self-reported measures by respondents. The share of Indian Americans who pray either several times a day or once a day is slightly below the U.S. average (46 percent according to Pew survey data).26 Another 20 percent of Indian Americans report taking part in prayer a few times a week or once a week, while 11 percent pray at least a few times a month. Since 1820. Forty-two percent of respondents who are not Indian citizens have taken advantage of the program.18. 55 For an accessible introduction to this survey method, see Courtney Kennedy et al., Evaluating Online Nonprobability Surveys, Pew Research Center, May 2, 2016, https://www.pewresearch.org/methods/2016/05/02/evaluating-online-nonprobability-surveys/. Although the latter difference in perceptions of caste discrimination is tiny, it is nonetheless interesting given the lower degree of caste consciousness among U.S.-born Indian Americans. Around 337,000 immigrants were deported from the U.S. in fiscal 2018, up since 2017. Today, there are more apprehensions of non-Mexicans than Mexicans at the border. El Salvador 17,907. For Indian Americans, the past is not just a distant country. U.S.-born citizens report the highest levels of civic engagement, followed by foreign-born citizens and, in all categories save for one, non-citizens report the lowest levels of civic engagement. These findings raise two questions worthy of further exploration: Why does political polarization among Indian Americans differ from that characterizing Americans at large? Portuguese-born people comprise 11.5% of Rhode Island's foreign-born population. Thirty-three percent were born in the United States but with at least one parent who was born outside of the United States. These are not merely academic questions. Around 21 percent express no opinion either way. Source: aiisha5 / iStock . (+1) 202-419-4300 | Main Muslims and Christians are significantly more likely than Hindus to say that religion is very important to thema gap of nearly 30 percentage points. Mexican immigrants remain Minnesota's largest immigrant group, but the number of Mexican immigrants living in the state declined over the past decade. Nearly half or around 45% of all Asian immigrants or those of Asian origins live in the West, with around a third (31%) currently living in California . QUIZ LAB SUBMISSION This quiz has . For instance, a March 2020 Pew survey found that 79 percent of Americans agree that there is a lot or some discrimination against African Americans. While 86 percent of Hindus report identifying with some kind of Indian identity, 71 percent of Christians and 52 percent of Muslims do the same. Finally, Christians are more likely to self-identify as American without any hyphenation (9 percent versus 6 percent for Muslim and 4 percent for Hindus). The next largest origin groups were those from China (6%), India (6%), the Philippines (4%) and El Salvador (3%). 50 Surinder S. Jodhka and Ghanshyam Shah, Comparative Contexts of Discrimination: Caste and Untouchability in South Asia, Economic and Political Weekly 45, no. If half of all Indian Americans report some form discrimination, this begs the question: Who is discriminating against them? To probe this issue, the survey provides respondents with eight identity categories and asks them which of the following best describes their background. The one slight deviation in the overall pattern of civic engagement is found in the final categoryworking with others in your community to solve a problem. 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