Frank Olson also used photography. Erics son Stephan is 12. However most of the passages pertaining to ARTICHOKE in the documents provided to the Olson family have been carefully deleted. In 1975 the White House advised us that they were concerned that if we went to court we might lose and not obtain what the White House regarded as appropriate compensation. A run was an 1,800-gallon batch of anthrax mixture, grown in one of the 40-foot- high fermenters inside Building 470, which stands empty at Detrick, its demolition planned. He spent the night at the Hotel Pennsylvania, along with a CIA agent who was there to guard him. Today, he announced, Frank Olson finally hit bottom. Eric Olson might just as well have been talking about himself. All across the country back then there were billboards advertising a place called Harolds Club, which was a big gambling casino in Reno. Dr. was testing interrogation and truth serums there -- not on monkeys but on human subjects, ''expendables,'' captured Russian agents and ex-Nazis. Nobody would think to call Chestnut Lodge, and Chestnut Lodge would not think to get involved as they would never hear the new version of the story. When an investigation of CIA abuses exposed the facts in 1975, two White House aides named Dick Cheney and Donald Rumsfeld helped set up a meeting at which President Gerald Ford apologized to the Olson family. It remained for us to assess how and where it had come into existence, because we were convinced it would be signally instrumental in resolving the dispute over whether his death was an accident, a suicide or, worse yet, a homicide. 18.03 Voice of Armand Pastore/Former hotel manager: I realized full well that the major unresolved mystery continued to be: the large hemorrhage above the left eye. Grady was very familiar with the Olson storyhe had interviewed my sister in 1975 for a Jack Anderson column. Random House 1991, used with permission of the author, [The Family Jewels and the High Holies], All the same, not many occasions in my life had been more momentous than the summer day in 1982 when Harlot had invited me to work again with him. Marks was told that ORDs files contained 130 boxes of documents relating to behavioral research. One wishes there might have been some humour in the script, to make the man look more human. Ruwet told him to calm down. Why had he placed a most curious telephone call only to another C.I.A. And why had I had to wait until another investigator implied that maybe the place hadnt been used for the experiment at all? (Copies of this memorandum are available.) Gottlieb failed to explain it in his memo, but seeds of the Rivea plant (its full name is Rivea corymbosa), when ingested in quantity, produce nausea, digestive upset, hallucinations, loss of motor control, and, finally, coma. was losing interest. Gottlieb also raises Christmas trees. Born in Hungary and schooled in psychiatry in Germany, Hoch came to the U.S. in 1933 on a visitors visa and soon legally immigrated with the assistance of then-attorney and future Secretary of State John Foster Dulles. Then there were some films Frank Olson had shot himself during a trip to Europe a few months before he died. Thanks to The Post's revelations, the summer of 1975 was the family's ''Copernican Revolution.'' The experiment appears to have been conducted with Olsons consent and took place on Thursday, 19th November 1953. The world was a far different and more dangerous place in the early months of 1953 than it is today. In both these proposed sections the tricks would differ considerably from those which have been described. But if so, what was the motive for such a nefarious deed? Only one problem seemed to slow down Gottliebs ambitious drug experiments: the agency couldnt get enough LSD. He was a branch chief and in October 1952 the confidence which his superiors had in him was reflected in the fact that they promoted him to be Acting Chief of the entire Special Operations Division. That night, Frank Olson plunged to his death from his room on the hotels thirteenth floor. He fell out a window and thats work related? Olson had moved three times in high school and was struggling in biology, an essential course for his major. With Olsons sleuthing son Eric as his guide, Morris immerses himself in this thorny true-crime case, using dramatized sequencesstarring a phenomenal Peter Sarsgaard, Molly Parker, Tim Blake Nelson, and Bob Balabanfor his 1953-set sequences, and documentary interviews and material for the rest. Some of these people would become regulars with me in my future exhumations. Less than two weeks later (July 23) we were sitting in the Oval Office receiving an official apology from Gerald Ford. TheWashington Posts coverage of the Rockefeller Report noted that in the early 1950s an unnamed civilian employee of the Department of the Army had leaped to his death from a New York hotel window after the CIA had given him LSD without his knowledge. The offensive bioweapons program was launched during World War II and ended by President Richard M. Nixon in 1969. Frederick News-Post It is now clear that, tinder controlled conditions, LSD is a relatively harmless drug. Elmore Leonard,BE COOL. August 1, 2004. A computer animation of the most likely scenarios for Frank Olsons fall was to follow after additional on scene measurements based on the recollections of those present at the scene on the occasion of Olsons death-fall. His research focuses on the history of political thought in early-modern Europe and America, and on the implications of that history for debates in contemporary political theory. Further, the entire anterior (front) portion from head to toe of the flesh of Frank Olsons remains was devoid of lacerations, save those to be expected from the many compound fractures, and from that in the upper thoracic region where a laceration had been sutured up, probably during embalming. A former outdoors columnist for The Sun, he credits his 19 years at Fort Detrick with giving him time to develop his expertise. One day, White calls me into his office. If you treat a whore nice, shell treat you nice. In guarded assassination, a good hunting or target rifle should always be considered as a possibility. Why would he do that? It was Dulles who moved the CIAs headquarters from central Washington DC to suburban Langley, Virginia (now renamed The George Bush Center For Intelligence) because he wanted to create a thoughtful, out-of-town campus milieu. Book Information : Title : Inefficient Markets: An Introduction to Behavioral Finance Rating : On April 3, 1953 Richard Helms, the Agencys Acting Deputy Director, had proposed an ultra-sensitive program of research and development in clandestine chemical and biological warfare. In 1996 the New York District Attorney opened a homicide investigation into the death of Frank Olson. Marks, John. Since Abramson had attended Olson several times on the days previous to his death, why was it not sufficient that Abramson, a medical doctor, write up his own report. Yes! That evening and the following day stories about Frank Olson and his family dominated network news broadcasts and newspaper headlines. The acid-tripping intersection between the CIA and the counterculture is one of the areas where the on-the-record facts about MK-ULTRA meld into the foggy region of conspiracy theory. He wanted to know, could you assassinate someone without anyone every finding out about it?, At first it was all speculative, recalled Bissell. While we had no reasonable doubt about the identity of these remains, we decided to go one long stride forward with new technology still on the scientific cusp to attempt a computerized superimposition of the skull to known photographs of Frank Olson. The meeting was as awkward as the food was elegant. But the human spirit, history sadly proves, is far from indomitable. Having already received the document package from the CIA, the matter was now officially over. He was director of Shepherd Pratt Hospital for twenty years, where a building there bears his name. There were invoices for fountain pens, even 1 Toy Dog, 98 cents.. You have made that abundantly clear on numerous occasions Looking back, I realize that it was when you returned from California [to depose Lashbrook] that everything changed. Without declaring it. , Yes, one more thing, I said. Our search for the truth about what happened to our father has been a lot like that bike trip to California. 45.34 Voice of Eric Olson It is understood that no manipulation will be suggested which requires (actions) not normally used, nor any necessitating long practice. But White found out what he wanted to know. Brainwashing. I met Gottlieb at the pad, and at Whites office. The gist of what we want to say can be compressed into three headlines: 1. Ruwet delivered the terrible news: Alices husband was dead. Accident, Maryland. Rinkel, the man responsible for first transporting LSD into this country, supplied the drug to Hoch and Abramson in that same year. THE YEAR OF ARMAGEDDON (with Max MorganWitts) It did not spontaneously appear among the youth of the Western world as a gift from the God of Gettin High. On the contrary Lyman Kirkpatrick would report on December 1, 1953 that in a conversation with Dr. Willis Gibbons, a higher-up in the C.I.A., Gibbons indicated that, Olson had a history of mental disturbances. His source for this knowledge was not revealed. And you dont get justice with a secret state murder.. Remembered by his colleagues for his forcefulness as well as for his marked stuttering while excited, Gottlieb came closest to the image of the sinister scientist in the whole strange cast of agency characters. The CIA clandestine services had immediately concluded that now LSD could be employed not only in testing but also in actual intelligence operations, for reasons given in the memo to Dulles: Hitherto, LSD could not be considered seriously as a candidate Chemical Warfare agent for overt use. The problem today is theres a huge disconnect between what us old fossils know and what the current generation knows, Patrick said. Clinching the story Dick Russell, author of a recent book on the Kennedy assassination titledThe Man Who Knew Too Much,uncovers new evidence to support the theory that Lee Harvey Oswald was a product of MK-ULTRA. Although the agency tested compounds ranging from mes-caline to extracts from poisonous mushrooms, the key drug was LSD-25, a synthetic variation on a c ompound found in a fungus. Graduates from this department who specialized in anthropology or sociology . And if it were determined to be glass from the window of Room 1018A, there remained a question whether it came to adhere in this laceration when Dr. Olsons head struck the window of Room 1018A in exiting it or whether it was the broken window glass of Room 1018A already lying on the sidewalk of 7th Avenue when Dr. Olsons head hit there. Saracco and Bibb decided to interview William Colby, Vincent Ruwet, Robert Lashbrook, and Sidney Gottlieb. At the time of his death my fathers colleagues at Detrick were informed that Frank Olson had been an unwitting participant in a drug experiment, and that this caused the psychological reaction that led to his taking his own life ten days later. He said, These guys are running our Intelligence? but they sent George $2,000 a month for the pad, and as long as they paid the bills, we went along with the program. Gottlieb, who now lives in Virginia, refused to be interviewed for this article. But what drugs or their metabolites should we seek to discover? Until then, Gottlieb saw nothing unusual in Olsons behavior. Dick Cheney was a White House assistant. When the casket was opened that day it had been closed during the funeral years before because the family had been told Frank Olsons body was too disfigured from his fall Eric Olson recognized his father. Vast quantities of lysergic acid diethylamide, or LSD, could now be produced with reasonable ease in any sophisticated chemistry laboratory.At about the same time, a subculture of researchers began to experiment on themselves. 39:03 Voice of Eric Olson: University of Virginia And many did so unwittingly. The Olson children grew up saying that our father died of a fatal nervous breakdown.. The Army sent him to another language school, this time in Monterey, California, where he added Mandarin Chinese:to his repertoire. This answer also explains why Lashbrook and Olson stayed in the Statler Hotel, rather than in the safehouse that was available to them in Greenwich Village, ten minutes away by taxi. The statements contained in this confession were false they were obtained under duress from Chinese communists. 10.55 The meeting is about Artichoke. A priest was summoned and he was given the last rites. Curiously, Whites widow donated his papers to the Electronics Museum at Foothill Junior College, a two-year school set amidst the rolling Los Altes hills 40 miles south of San Francisco. Automobile accidents are a less satisfactory means of assassination. The Special Operations Division of Fort Detrick was the most secret of secret places in the biological warfare program and only people with the highest security clearance could work there or gain admission to its grounds. What happened was, that he just got involved in it in a way he was unhappy about it. View . And at one point, Olson had commented to his wife that Americans were just as responsible for war crimes as the Germans had been. The conclusion that both Starrs and Eric drew was that someone had knocked Olson out, either while he slept or after a struggle, and then thrown him out the window. Why would the government murder an Army scientist simply because he had been used as an unwitting guinea pig in a drug experiment? Frank Olson did not quit. [29]Memorandum for the Record,Reimbursement of Excess Federal Income Taxes to Mr. John Mulholland, Central Intelligence Agency, MKULTRA document 15-24, February 24, 1955, authors files; Memorandum,Reimbursement for Excess Income Taxes, Central Intelligence Agency, MKULTRA document 15-33, January 16, 1956, authors files, [30]Memorandum for the Record,Project MKULTRA, Subproject 34,Central Intelligence Agency, MKULTRA document 34-46, October 1, 1954, authors files, [31]Some Operational Applications of the Art of Deception, Central Intelligence Agency, undated, p. 2, authors files, [32]Memorandum for the Record,Project MKULTRA, Subproject 34,Central Intelligence Agency, MKULTRA document 34-46, October 1, 1954, authors files, [33]Memorandum for the Record,Definition of a Task under MKULTRA Subproject 34, Central Intelligence Agency, MKULTRA document 34-39, August 25, 1955, authors files, [34]Memorandum for the Record,MKULTRA, Subproject 34, Central Intelligence Agency, MKULTRA document 34-29, June 20, 1956, authors files, [35]Memorandum for the Record,Project MKULTRA, Subproject 34A, Central Intelligence Agency, MKULTRA document 34-26, August 31, 1956, authors files, [36]Memorandum for the Record,Project MKULTRA, Extension of Subproject 34, Central Intelligence Agency, MKULTRA document 34-7, November 15, 1957, authors files, [37]Invoice Check List, Central Intelligence Agency, MKULTRA document 34-48, authors files, [38]Memorandum for the Record, Central Intelligence Agency, MKULTRA document 83-12, March 26, 1959, authors files, [39]U.S. Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities (Church Committee)Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders: An Interim Report, Government Printing Office, 1975, pp.20-21, [42]Central Intelligence Agency, Office of the Inspector General,Report on Plots to Assassinate Fidel Castro, CIA-IG, May 23, 1967, [43]Testimony of Admiral Stansfield Turner,Select Committee on Intelligence & the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research of the Committee on Human Resources, U.S. Senate, 1977, pp. So he comes out and looks at our bikes and he says, What are you guys doing?, We said, Harold. According to the CIA file, Olson saw Abramson for the first time later that day. The asterisk at the end of this paragraph directs us to a footnote at the bottom of the page and here it comes: the Frank Olson story as a footnote to assassinations in Europe! Wholesale experimentation with the drug was launched in the early 1950s. Gottleib and Lashbrook have been subpoenaed to testify Sept. 20 before a Senate subcommittee investigating the MK-ULTRA project. Notwithstanding, the DAs men had learned that two men had gone into Olsons room the night of his death. Even more puzzling were the reports numerous references with all details blacked out to the CIAs Project ARTICHOKE. If the assassin immediately sets up an outcry, playing the horrified witness, no alibi or surreptitious withdrawal is necessary. The objectives of the project thus required that the bones be defleshed. When last-minute plans were being made on the afternoon of November 27, 1953 to hospitalize Frank Olson a call was placed to a young admitting psychiatrist in Maryland named Robert Gibson. By that time the name Frank Olson had started to achieve the almost mythical status it subsequently acquired. Magnum, .270 Winchester, .30 106 p.s., 8 x 60 MM Magnum, 9.3 X 62 KK and others of this type. (Saracco reads the manual, poster 8.). As I have found in other states the Maryland statutory provisions governing exhumations are haphazard, spotty and unclear. This bizarre story has the power to make a lot of different people feel that way. Yet nothing had been seen thus far to account for the large hematoma to Olsons head. But whether that glass was the window glass of room 1018A or some foreign piece of glass of infinitesimally minute size that had been lying about on the 7th Avenue sidewalk of the Hotel Statler are equally possible, and that issue is a conundrum not answerable by scientific means. Lashbrook said that for security reasons, he preferred not to reveal who they were. We will make available materials to amplify all these points, and provide copies of a definitive new one-hour documentary film on the Frank Olson case called Code Name ARTICHOKE that will air on public TV in Germany (the ARD network) next week, on Monday, August 12. General Manager. Surprised and curious, I invited him to tell me more about it, and so he did, putting me on notice of the circumstances of Frank Olsons death. Author John Marks, whoseThe Search for the Manchurian Candidateis one of the most thoroughgoing volumes yet assembled on U.S. government mind-control research, readily admits that all of his source material comprised but ten boxes of documentsbut those took him a year to comprehend despite the aid of a research staff. While he would be later regarded as one of magics great scholars, his academic achievements were somewhat limited. Two decades passed. The plan of action included his seeing a psychiatrist. He had remained close to Erics father after the war, when Olson had been recruited into the CIA. Deep Creek Lake in western Maryland, a three-hour drive from Washington. In virtually every case it would turn to have been accomplished through the stagecraft of magic. I cautioned him that I would coordinate and oversee the project only if my exacting criteria for an exhumation were fulfilled. was in fact experimenting with ''expendables'' in Germany, and if Olson knew about it, Eric reasoned, then it would not be enough to hospitalize him, discredit him with lies about his mental condition and allow him to slip back into civilian life. He is now working in an area that has nothing to do with biological weapons. Considering the ultra-secrecy and strategic importance of the work in which Frank Olson was engaged at the time of his death it is nothing less than astounding that among the documents we had been given by the CIA in 1975, which we were told was the complete file, there is no mention at all of any security issues. When the story finally surfaced in the Rockefeller Commission report on CIA abuses, they got official apologies from President Ford and from CIA Director William Colby, who handed over CIA documents on the case. Would this colleague, Norman Cournoyer, repeat this statement in front of the camera? My conversations with Eric Olson were one of two experiences that brought his fathers case home and the CIAs decades-old experiments home to me afterUndue Riskwas first published. Olson, Eric. If one of the obstacles to assassination was what agency officials called blowback, perhaps there was a technical solution. A call from someone was definitely received by Dr. Gibson, and certainly a call from someone in the Agency to someone at Chestnut Lodge would have to have been made. Were where we want to be we know what happened. The film climaxed with Luther declaring, No. This memorandum proved persuasive. Guzik, T. J., & Olson, E. N. (2020). Carried out as a secret operation, Lifton points out, this work was deprived of exposure and critical evaluation by others. After his mother died in 1993, Eric and the family decided to move Frank Olsons remains from another cemetery so that he could be reburied beside his wife. Eric wants clarity, once and for all. Even though I had my tape recorder in my pocket at our meeting, I judged it best not to seek my interviewees permission to turn it on remitting myself to four pages of handwritten notes and a contemporaneous transcription of them into my tape recorder as I motored home after our meeting. The President assured us that the White House would support our efforts to obtain justice. Alice made the first statement, indicating that she believed her husband must have been suffering from some sort of bad dream to have jumped as said through a closed window. Everest, confident as God. Hoch, along with associates Dr. Harold A. Abramson and Dr. Max Rinkel, was among an elite group of five private researchers and six U.S. Army physicians who began quietly conducting LSD experiments in the U.S. in 1949. Which is why in summary he sounds like nothing but pieces and parts. This culture of secrecy had also contaminated the family from within. The situation was consistent with the CIAs surreptitious drugging of hundreds of unwitting American citizens as part of their Cold War experiments. He and his colleagues believed that by studying the effects of this drug on the brain, they might find a cure for mental illness. He said I could only publish what he had said after his death. He seemed unaware of the importance of what he was giving them, for the material soon raised more questions than it answered. There was no reason to do an autopsy., CIA spokesman Tom Crispwell declined to comment on any of the new evidence being examined by the District Attorneys Office. agents had bundled Frank Olson off to a New York City hotel rather than a hospital. Thatmemorandum, together with the urging of others, persuaded New Yorks District Attorney, Robert Morgenthau, to re-open the investigation. In fact, Eric told me, tomorrow would be the first time anyone had ever publicly charged the CIA with murdering an American citizen. In the discussion that ensued, however, it became clear that the time required to travel from New York to Washington by train and then to come all the way to Rockville would make the arrival very late at night. Another answer is suggested by a colleague: It is well known, wrote Dr. Howard Abramson after Olsons death, that it is an occupational hazard to mental stability to be doing the type of work connected with his [Olsons] duties. and Fort Detrick scientists at Deep Creek Lodge in rural Maryland on Nov. 19,1953, Sidney Gottlieb of the C.I.A. I'm likely concentrating in chemistry, but I like to take classes across a number of different fields. He believed he would return in time for Thanksgiving dinner. Henry, a staunch conservative with close connections to the CIA, once dropped acid on the golf course and then claimed he had enjoyed a little chat with God. Eric has given over a large bulk of his life to this, Nils Olson said. Available to stream on Netflix. Further than this we dare not even hazard a guess. I later realized that the analogy goes further, because the pill Powers was supposed to have taken was concocted by the ubiquitous Sidney Gottlieb, and also because the U2 plane Powers was piloting was the brain child of Richard Bissell who (according to Evan Thomas inThe Very Best Men: Four Who Dared: The Early Years of the CIA) gave considerable thought to the problem of how to murder someone for security reasons while doing so in a way that would seem to be a natural death and would not arouse undue curiosity. Later a second irony occurred to me. Nor was this agency the only covert intelligence bureaucracy sponsoring Cold War studies. On January 8, 1953, Harold Blauer, a professional tennis player, reportedly died from a massive overdose of a mescaline derivative at the New York State Psychiatric Institute. The LSD, that was just the tip of the iceberg. This process of noticing the knots or of foregrounding the means of representation has been a familiar one in modernist theory and practice since the time of the cubists. A check with Ruwet confirmed it. The item for operational supplies is intended to provide for the purchase of supplies used to test or verify ideas. The other section would describe tricks suitable for two or more people working in collaboration. Alice, a 38-year-old housewife, had only a vague knowledge of her husbands classified work at Camp Detrick, where he was director of planning and evaluations in the Army Chemical Corps Special Operations Division (SOD). It is related to that part of Special Operations which was said to be was one of Gottleibs specialities: creating means (darts, toxins etc.) As in the case of Barney, this response was, I think, triggered by the disconcertingly surreal combination of dark intelligence secrets and familiar pop culture. In a suburb of New York, Eric Olson meets long-time CIA veteran Ike Feldman. If the subject had to be controlled, blows to the temple or behind the ear were said to be effective means of silencing him. There are no rules in such a game. At first, they suspected they had a homosexual affair gone bad on their hands. 9.33 This interpretation is given support by another anomaly in the story. Even if they were all released, their sheer bulk is sufficient to fend off even the most dedicatedor obsessedinvestigator. Could LSD be used as a truth serum for CIA interrogators? This complex story is told in detail in the 2002 documentary film on the Frank Olson storyCode Name Artichokewhich has now been shown internationally in many countries and in the United States on Link-TV. In 1995 we were contacted by, But if the Colby documents fail to discuss security issues, other internal documents that we obtained do mention this issue. On 27 April 1996, after Saracco won the right to a grand jury hearing, Colby who realised that he would be forced to give evidence, vanished from his country retreat about forty miles south of Washington. It was, in a sense, a house haunted by its own history. (Visual text!) In ideal circumastances, the range may be extended to 250 yards. But in fact this was a family haunted by fear, shame, uncertainty, and insecurity. In a report to the CIA on the death, Abramson wrote that the LSD experiment was designed especially to trap [Olson]. 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