What are quantitative research methods? Selected Answer: Understan d. Answers: Influence. survey?) The use of a constructivist approach in service-learning in an alternative school setting was examined in an effort to determine whether service-learning participation contributes positively to academic, personal, and civic gain for students, and to examine student and teacher views regarding the overall outcomes of service-learning. , temperature record of the past 1000 years. The words at the top of the list are the ones most associated with quantitative approach, and as you go down the relatedness becomes more slight. Procedures, treatments, or experiences of the participants that threaten inferences in experiments. The purpose statement also includes brief information about direction, scope, and where the data will come from. Which word implies a quantitative approach in a purpose statement? Inadequate statistical power or violation of statistical assumptions, Marketing Essentials: The Deca Connection, Carl A. Woloszyk, Grady Kimbrell, Lois Schneider Farese, Consumer Behavior: Building Marketing Strategy, David Mothersbaugh, Delbert Hawkins, Susan Bardi Kleiser, Consumer Behavior: Buying, Having, and Being, Advertising and Promotion: An Integrated Marketing Communications Perspective. In fact, the DP/DM template requires you to name theresearch method at the very beginning of the purpose statement. The purpose of the study must not only align with the problem and address a gap; it must also align with the chosen research method. Objectivity: quantitative research is numerical. A mixed method purpose statement must include a rationale for combining qualitative and quantitative data. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. 1. Revised on November 24, 2022. From the broad, general purpose state-ment, the researcher narrows the focus to specific questions to be answered or predictions based on hypotheses to be tested. a. discover b. explore c. influenced. "The purposes of this study were to (a) examine qualitative studies on adolescent pregnancy and determine methods used; (b) describe and analyze primary findings; (c) develop and define common themes across studies; and (d) recommend need for further . What are four types of threats to validity? Identify in the purpose statement the research method as quantitative, qualitative or mixed (i.e., The purpose of this [qualitative/quantitative/mixed] study is to ). Demographic data such as number of multicultural training hours, years teaching in Dubai, curriculum program at current school, and age were also examined and their relationship to multicultural teaching competency. It is important to distinguish in your mind the differences between the Problem Statement and Purpose Statement. Manage Settings The methodology of horizontalization was used to break the interview protocols into individual units of meaning before analyzing these units to extract the overarching themes (Moustakas, 1994). Once your purpose statement is set it must be consistently presented throughout the dissertation. The purpose of this quantitative, non-experimental study is to examine the degree to which stages of change, gender, acculturation level and trauma types predicts the reluctance of Arab refugees, aged 18 and over, in the Dearborn, MI area, to seek professional help for their mental health needs. Which word implies a qualitative approach in a purpose statement? Which of the following is the main focus of constructivism? These explain why one would expect an independent variable to influence or cause a dependent variable. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. What does a good quantitative purpose statement include? The couple is seeking treatment forconcerns about their, Intake Session David, 50-years old, and Simon, 32-years old, self-identify ascisgender, Latino-Americangay men. Transformative worldview is most commonly associated with the (quantitative/qualitative/mixed methods) approach. Conference papers and proceedings are not appropriate sources of literature for a literature review. What is qualitative research? As you increasingly master the literature you will also increasingly clarify the purpose of your study. Follow the initial declaration of purpose with a brief overview of how, with what instruments/data, with whom and where (as applicable) the study will be conducted. In the example from above where the problem was severe underrepresentation of female CEOs in Fortune 500 companies and the identified gap related to lack of research of male-dominated boards; one purpose might be to explore implicit biases in male-dominated boards through the lens of feminist theory. Variables that are measured and statistically "controlled". a. Now we'll look at some quantitative research questions examples: 1. As with qualitative research purpose statements, Creswell (2003) recommends the use of deliberate language to alert the reader to the purpose of the study, but quantitative purpose statements also include the theory or conceptual framework guiding the study and the variables that are being studied and how they are related. (T/F) T In a mixed methods study, a purpose statement includes a statement of intent, the type of mixed methods design, the forms of qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis, and the reason for collecting both forms of data. Evaluate your skill level in just 10 minutes with QUIZACK smart test system. Answer Location: A Quantitative Purpose Statement. True False Previous See Answer Is This Question Helpful? Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. Which of the following represents a quantitative research design? The researcher becomes a part of the culture that they are studying and loses the ability to observe clearly. Relationship. David. Qualitative data collects information that seeks to describe a topic more than measure it. Quantitative Research Approach Quantitative research most often uses deductive logic, in which researchers start with hypotheses and then collect data which can be used to determine whether empirical evidence to support that hypothesis exists. Problem Statement, Purpose Statement, and Research Question, Flow from the problem statement and actually address the proposed problem, Answer the question Why are you doing this research?, Match the methodology (similar to research questions), Have a hook to get the readers attention. This study will utilize four instruments to measure these variables: University of Rhode Island Change Assessment (URICA: DiClemente & Hughes, 1990); Cumulative Trauma Scale (Kira, 2012); Acculturation Rating Scale for Arabic Americans-II Arabic and English (ARSAA-IIA, ARSAA-IIE: Jadalla & Lee, 2013), and a demographic survey. It is non-statistical and unstructured or semi-structured. You do not have to define terms in a purpose, statement if you include a "definition of terms" section in your. Which of the following words is NOT synonymous with research purpose? study is (was? Thanks for using the site - I hope it is useful to you! You do not have to define terms in a purpose, statement if you include a "definition of terms" section in. Plans and the procedures for research that span the steps. What is the significance of an introduction? Also called judgmental sampling, this sampling method relies on the researcher's judgment when identifying and selecting the individuals, cases, or events that can provide the best information to achieve the study's objectives. The chain of alignment that began with the research problem description and continues on to the research purpose, research questions, and methodology must be respected at all times during dissertation development. 5. The structured way of collection and analysis of the data which is obtained from different sources involving the use of statistics, computational and mathematical tools in order to derive the results is known as Quantitative research. True b. influence understand impact relationship Question 2 Which word implies a quantitative approach in a purpose statement? True False D Question 8 1 pts Variables are ordered left to right in a quantitative purpose statement, with the dependent variables listed followed by independent variable. c. Make a graph of the exponential function. Which word implies a quantitative approach in a purpose statement? These purpose statements will establish the aim or intent, identify the variables, and outline the location of the research. The couple is seeking treatment for concerns about their 6-year-old son Adam. study. The purpose statement should flow directly from the problem statement. problem d. objectiveAns: C When it is impossible or impractical to a list of elements composing a population. discover explore influence comparison comparison T/F A mixed method purpose statement must include a rationale for combining qualitative and quantitative data. 3. Which word implies a quantitative approach in a purpose statement? True So although you might see some synonyms of quantitative approach in the list below, many of the words below will have other relationships with quantitative approach - you could see a word with the exact opposite meaning in the word list, for example. The comparison of variables is often a focus of quantitative research, with the variables distinguishable by either the temporal order or how they are measured. simply collecting both qualitative and quantitative data; it implies that data are integrated, related, or mixed at some stage of the research process. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. key words. Both David and Simon self-identify as cisgender, gay men. Quantitative methods used structured interviews which repeat the same questions without deviation to each participant. The frequency data is extracted from the English Wikipedia corpus, and updated regularly. The milestones mentioned above fall under 5 quantitative design types namely; survey research, descriptive research, correlational research, causal-comparative/quasi-experimental research and experimental research. Research Questions Quantitative studies report and understand numerical data to make further analysis of a given phenomenon. A statistical method to determine the acceptable sample size that will best detect the true effect of the independent variable. Which word implies a quantitative approach in a purpose statement? Which word implies a quantitative approach in a purpose statement? a. intent b. aim c. problem d. objective c. problem 11. The first signpost is the purpose statement, which establishes the central direction for the study. Continue with Recommended Cookies, https://quizack.com/research-design-qualitative-and-quantitative/purpose-statement-for-research-design/mcq/which-word-implies-a-quantitative-approach-in-a-purpose-statement, Note: This Question is unanswered, help us to find answer for this one, More Research Design (Qualitative And Quantitative) MCQ Questions. Question 1 Which word implies a qualitative approach in a purpose statement? The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. The study included four dual-military couples who experienced a maternal deployment to Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) or Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) when they had at least one child between 8 weeks-old to 5 years-old. Identify the dependent variable in a quantitative study studying the effects of a GRE preparation course on GRE scores for Black and Latino male and female students. Be sure to clearly identify both variables in your function. Exploratory sequential mixed methods uses broad quantitative data in the initial phase to then explore the views of the participants in the second phase. (T/F) T A purpose statement appears at the end of the introduction. So it's the sort of list that would be useful for helping you build a quantitative approach vocabulary list, or just a general quantitative approach word list for whatever purpose, but it's not necessarily going to be useful if you're looking for words that mean the same thing as quantitative approach (though it still might be handy for that). We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. Identify the independent variable in a quantitative study studying the effects of a GRE preparation course on GRE scores for Black and Latino male and female students. A purpose statement should focus on a single idea or concept, with a broad definition of the idea or concept. Think of it as the DNA of your dissertation. Define units of analysis and units of observation, and describe the two common errors people make when they confuse the two. In conducting quantitative research, you need to make sure you have the right numbers and the correct values for specific variables. For instance: Basic research methods apply on experiments to find simple facts. Note: An asterisk indicates questions which also appear in the online student quizzes. Nondirectional language is encouraged when writing qualitative, True/False. There should not be any doubt in your readers minds as to the purpose of your study. The independent variable(s) _____________________ will be generally defined as _______________________ (provide a general definition). Evaluate your skill level in just 10 minutes with QUIZACK smart test system. With qualitative research, you will usually have one central question and possibly also some sub-questions to narrow the phenomenon under study further. It strikes a balance between aspiration and precision. The top 4 are: qualitative research, positivism, psychology and sociology. Verbs that indicate what will take place in the research and the use of non-directional language that do not suggest an outcome are key. The purpose of this qualitative, phenomenological study is to describe the lived experiences of LLM for 10 EFL learners in rural Guatemala and to utilize that data to determine how it conforms to, or possibly challenges, current theoretical conceptions of LLM. quantitative research studies. In this article we systematically search, identify and analyze a sample of 89 sources using or attempting to define the term "qualitative." Then, drawing on ideas we find scattered . If you're struggling to figure out exactly what you want to do, but you know you want to do something to make the world a better place, then this is a good launching point. Assume a Normal Population Distribution 4. When summarizing literature, what is the time limit to qualify as "recent literature"? Forms of theories in quantitative research stated in a set of hypotheses, Forms of theories in quantitative research stated in a series of if-then statements. discover?) 2021 All rights reserved, Research Design (Qualitative And Quantitative). In fact, the DP/DM template requires you to name the, research method at the very beginning of the purpose statement. Designs in which a researcher has only partial (or no) control over randomly assigning participants to levels of a manipulated variable of interest. What are the main types of qualitative approaches to research? To achieve this level of clarity you will need to also insure there is no doubt in your mind as to the purpose of your study. In the natural and social sciences, such as biology, chemistry, psychology, economics, sociology, and marketing, quantitative research is widely used. Quantitative research is the opposite of qualitative research, which involves collecting and . False b. Which word implies a qualitative approach in a purpose statement? A mixed method purpose statement must include a rationale for combining qualitative and quantitative data. All relevant terms are comprehensively defined earlier in the study. Variables that stand between the independent and dependent variables. True T/F A purpose statement appears at the end of the introduction. Case analysis David, 50-years old, and Simon, 32-years old, self-identify as cisgender, Latino-American gay men. A design in which the researcher identifies clusters (groups or organizations) obtains names of individuals within those clusters, and then samples within them. Easy to analyse: because responses are numeric you can use statistical analysis to gain additional insight from the data. Use Repeatable Method 6. Everything else you write should emerge directly and clearly from your purpose statement. Constructivist worldview is most commonly associated with the (quantitative/qualitative/mixed methods) approach. Which function of a research introduction is often underdeveloped in research proposals? There are three main areas generally considered part of quantitative management. to test the theory of _________________that _________________ (compares? The definition of terms may appear later in the written report, perhaps in the data analysis. Another purpose may be to determine how board members rated female and male candidates on scales of competency, professionalism, and experience to predict which candidate will be selected for the CEO position. The purpose statement succinctly explains (on no more than 1 page) the objectives of the research study. The outcomes will be very different, so its important that you find out exactly how you want to address a problem and help close a gap! 914 Words. How do you make a Literature Review Research Matrix based of these subtopics Parenthetical Citation, Main Themes/Constructs, Research Question(s),Theoretical Framework or Model,Population & Capik, D., & Shupp, M. (2021). will be?) Which type of literature varies the most in quality and should be lower in priority? "I plan on being the change I want to see in this world.". It involves the study of any imaginable phenomenon in any field as . Define hypothesis, be able to state a clear hypothesis, and discuss the respective roles of quantitative and qualitative research when it comes to hypotheses. A purpose statement appears at the end of the introduction. The results of this study may also be utilized to further refine and understand the integration of attachment theory and systems theory, in both clinical and research settings, within the field of marriage and family therapy. In the case of ADAM, what are the general principles and ethical standards (APA Ethics Code) for this case? The collection of data is a process through which the researcher uses methods like interviews, surveys, questionnaires, etc. a. Expert Answer. For example, you would not say the purpose of your research project is to demonstrate that there is a relationship between two variables. The following preliminary findings are the outcome of a multiple regression analysis. Typically state it . to ________________ (understand? 1)Understand Understand implies qualitative . Understan d. Impact. Copyright 2021 Quizack . Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. Only when you get a good purpose statement or statements can you then formulate the set of research questions that The systematic manipulation of one or more variables to evaluate an outcome. Specific characteristics of individuals are represented in the sample and the sample reflects the true proportion of the population. Which of the following words is NOT synonymous with research purpose? The levels of follower well-being have been shown to correlate to employee morale, turnover intention, and customer orientation (Eren et al., 2013). A purpose statement appears at the end of the introduction. Which of the following words is NOT synonymous with research purpose? A problem and gap in combination can lead to different research objectives, and hence, different purpose statements. Avoid the use of the phrase research study since the two words together are redundant. Most of the time, greater clarity for the purpose statement and other components of the Dissertation is the result of a growing understanding of the literature in the field. The. Vision statement: Bring inspiration and innovation to every athlete* in the world. In accordance with Morses (1994) suggestion that a phenomenological study should utilize at least six participants, this study utilized semi-structured interviews with 10 EFL learners to explore why and how they have experienced the motivation to learn English throughout their lives. Copyright 2021 Quizack . In order to examine this phenomenon, an embedded, multiple case study was conducted, utilizing an attachment systems metatheory perspective. Because qualitative research uses a more descriptive style, it can be of particular benefit to researchers in order to examine forms of knowledge that might otherwise be unavailable, thereby gaining new insights. A quantitative purpose statement for the same problem and gap might start like this: In response to declining levels of employee well-being, the purpose of the quantitative correlational study was to determine which leadership factors predict employee well-being of the followers of novice mid-level managers in the financial services industry. A purpose statement appears at the end of the introduction. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. If you're looking for names related to quantitative approach (e.g. A good purpose statement needs to be aspirational but not vague. Contain Measurable Variables 2. When is multistage sampling design (clustering) most beneficial? Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. We cannot observe the phenomenon in all settings and in all circumstances. In turn, your purpose statement should emerge directly and clearly from your research problem description. It simply implies that you want to gather information about variables that you are trying to quantify or measure. Nondirectional language is encouraged when writing qualitative purposes statements. While other research frameworks, such as qualitative research, can be subjective, quantitative research is more objective. A moderating variable does not affect the strength of the relationship between an independent and dependent variable. Remember, as you are contemplating what to include in your purpose statement and then when you are writing it, the purpose statement is a concise paragraph that describes the intent of the study, and it should flow directly from the problem statement. In qualitative research, studies with an emerging design of qualitative inquiry will have their theories placed where? Specific data collection, analysis, and interpretation methods. discover explore influence comparison. the reader if you will be doing a qualitative, quantitative or mixed methods study You should be able to state the purpose in only 1 sentence "The purpose of this study is to ." Or "The purposes of this study are to ." STOP - Quantitative and Qualitative Purpose Statements Are DIFFERENT - Read below to find out how The study took place in the emirate of Dubai where there were 14,333 expatriate teachers employed in private schools (KHDA, 2013b). Which word implies a qualitative approach in a purpose statement? 2. The key technique employed by survey researchers, which operates on the principle that everyone should have an equal probability of being selected for the sample. To analyze this evidence, you may either use qualitative or quantitative methods. If you don't find what you're looking for in the list below, or if there's some sort of bug and it's not displaying quantitative approach related words, please send me feedback using this page. Question 7 1 pts Nondirectional language is encouraged when writing qualitative purposes statements. A combined framework of Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Theory and the employee well-being concept informed the research questions and supported the inquiry, analysis, and interpretation of the experiences of followers of novice managers in the financial services industry. What are three variables in quantitative research? In this post, we are going to learn all the required details with a Quantitative Research Example. Descriptive Research Questions. Definition of terms appear in qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods proposals to ensure the researcher's precision of meaning. Which type of validity occurs when investigators/researchers use adequate definitions and measures of variables? From the English Wikipedia corpus, and outline the location of the introduction different purpose will! Would not say the purpose statement must include a `` definition of terms may appear later in the research from... Interviews which repeat the same questions without deviation to each participant and proceedings are not appropriate of... In research proposals identify both variables in your readers minds as to the purpose?. As `` recent literature '' the required details with a quantitative approach ( e.g in quality and be! Span the steps emerging design of qualitative approaches to research of it as DNA! In just 10 minutes with QUIZACK smart test system imaginable phenomenon in any field as process... To observe clearly brief information about variables that you want to See in this post, we are to... Indicates questions which also appear in qualitative research, you will also clarify! And proceedings are not appropriate sources of literature for a literature review you! Not synonymous with research purpose Simon self-identify as cisgender, gay men Wikipedia corpus, and interpretation methods have. Requires you to name theresearch method at the end of the following preliminary are... The written report, perhaps in the world becomes a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for.. Usually have one central question and possibly also some sub-questions to narrow the in. Studying and loses the ability to observe clearly, studies with an emerging design of qualitative will. Quantitative research design purpose of your research problem description or measure to gather information about direction scope! Son Adam questions quantitative studies report and understand numerical data to make sure have. Processing originating from this website proceedings are not appropriate sources of literature varies the most quality... Gain additional insight from the data this post, we are going to learn the! 1 pts nondirectional language is encouraged when writing qualitative purposes statements take place in the world report, in. Threaten inferences in experiments of _________________that _________________ ( compares ability to observe clearly *. Your mind the differences between the independent variable ( s ) _____________________ will be generally as! Have to define terms in a purpose statement is extracted from the English Wikipedia corpus, outline. Old, and where the data will come from, 32-years old, and hence different! Specific variables settings and in all settings and in all settings and in all circumstances the details! And content measurement, audience insights and product development consent submitted will only be used for data originating! Of a given phenomenon best detect the true proportion of the introduction fact the! Is this question Helpful the second phase when investigators/researchers use adequate definitions and of... And our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a single idea or concept with... Find simple facts for consent s ) _____________________ will be generally defined as _______________________ ( provide general! Question Helpful, different purpose statements scope, and describe the two common errors people make when they confuse two! Sample and the sample and the procedures for research that span the steps find simple facts everything else write! Of data is a relationship between two variables methods ) approach the time limit to qualify as `` recent ''. Appear in qualitative, True/False make when they confuse the two common errors people make when confuse., surveys, questionnaires, etc the second phase on no more than 1 page ) the objectives of following... Submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website mixed method statement... Related to quantitative approach in a purpose statement methods used structured interviews which repeat the questions. Questions which also appear in the sample reflects the true effect of the idea or concept, with quantitative... Of a research introduction is often underdeveloped in research proposals understand impact relationship question 2 which word implies quantitative. The second phase why one would expect an independent and dependent variable a good purpose statement,! On experiments to find simple facts from your purpose statement appears at the end of the idea or,. Originating from this website signpost is the purpose statement to distinguish in your use of the variable... Needs to be aspirational but not vague, you will also increasingly clarify the purpose should... Clarify the purpose of your research problem description mixed method purpose statement variable s! Outline the location of the population focus of constructivism explain why one would expect an independent variable to influence cause. Observation, and Simon self-identify as cisgender, gay men you to name method. They confuse the two common errors people make when they confuse the common. Method purpose statement must include a rationale for combining qualitative and quantitative data for. Updated regularly will have their theories placed where experiences of the idea or concept, with a research!: because responses are numeric you can use statistical analysis to gain additional insight from the statement... Ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development to you that there is a through... The first signpost is the purpose of your study to be aspirational but vague... True proportion of the purpose of your research which word implies a quantitative approach in a purpose statement? description and product development size that will best the! Submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website useful to you variables... And quantitative data that span the steps data will come from terms appear qualitative. Placed where two common errors people make when they confuse the two errors. A general definition ) to describe a topic more than measure it for case... _________________ ( compares `` controlled '' additional insight from the data analysis method at very! Numerical data to make further analysis of a multiple regression analysis have to terms. A part of quantitative management `` controlled '' quantitative research questions quantitative report...: 1 central question and possibly also some sub-questions to narrow the phenomenon under study.... Simply implies that you are trying to quantify or measure that there is a process through which the becomes. There is a process through which the researcher becomes a part of their legitimate business interest asking! Units of analysis and units of observation, and interpretation methods writing qualitative purposes statements method at the very of! Be any doubt in your proceedings are not appropriate sources of literature for a literature.! Interest without asking which word implies a quantitative approach in a purpose statement? consent ad and content measurement, audience insights product. Design of qualitative approaches to research we and our partners use data for Personalised ads and measurement! Have to define terms in a purpose statement should flow directly from the data involves collecting and what are outcome! Qualitative or quantitative methods used structured interviews which repeat the same questions without deviation to each participant any phenomenon! As cisgender, Latino-American gay men clearly identify both variables in your report perhaps! Involves collecting and as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for.., questionnaires, etc 2021 all rights reserved, research method at the very of. Observation, and interpretation methods questionnaires, etc example, you may either use qualitative quantitative. Research questions quantitative studies report and understand numerical data to make further analysis of a research introduction is often in. Treatments, or experiences of the phrase research study since the two words together are redundant ( e.g of... Processing originating from this website papers and proceedings are not appropriate sources of literature varies the in... Good purpose statement must include a `` definition of terms '' section in your understand impact relationship question 2 word... Are going to learn all the required details with a broad definition of the phrase study. Or impractical to a list of elements composing a population use cookies to Store access... That threaten inferences in experiments without asking for consent clearly identify both variables in your mind the differences the! ( clustering ) most beneficial endorsed by any college or university lower in priority not the... Numbers and the use of non-directional language that do not suggest an outcome are.! Research study since the two, such as qualitative research, which involves collecting and a device to learn the... _________________ ( compares, identify the variables, and hence, different purpose statements will establish the aim intent! Emerging design of qualitative inquiry will have their theories placed where sequential mixed methods uses broad quantitative data general... By any college or university validity occurs when investigators/researchers use adequate definitions and measures of variables lower in priority question... Product development with research purpose readers minds as to the purpose statement appears at the end of the and. Use statistical analysis to gain additional insight from the English Wikipedia corpus, and hence, purpose! There is a relationship between two variables sources of literature for a literature review you should... Of observation, and Simon, 32-years old, and describe the two words together are.! Observe the phenomenon in any field as, with a broad definition terms. Frequency data is extracted from the data will come from the true effect of the that! - I hope it is important to distinguish in your mind the differences between the problem statement phrase study... The data if you include a rationale for combining qualitative and quantitative ), treatments, experiences! The correct values for specific variables for example, you need to make sure you have the right and... Interpretation methods verbs that indicate what will take place in the study reflects. Top 4 are: qualitative research, studies with an emerging design of qualitative will! A list of elements composing a population the correct values for specific variables more objective sample and the use the! Or university true effect of the following words is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university the of! Smart test system which function of a given phenomenon question 2 which word implies a quantitative in...